Youfa Wang

Summary

Publications

  1. ncbi Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia
    Youfa Wang
    Carolina Population Center, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27516-3997, USA
    Am J Clin Nutr 75:971-7. 2002
  2. ncbi Will all Americans become overweight or obese? estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic
    Youfa Wang
    Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:2323-30. 2008
  3. ncbi Resemblance in dietary intakes between urban low-income African-American adolescents and their mothers: the healthy eating and active lifestyles from school to home for kids study
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 109:52-63. 2009
  4. ncbi Dietary intake patterns of low-income urban african-american adolescents
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 110:1340-5. 2010
  5. ncbi Food prices are associated with dietary quality, fast food consumption, and body mass index among U.S. children and adolescents
    May A Beydoun
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Nutr 141:304-11. 2011
  6. ncbi Receiver-operating characteristics of adiposity for metabolic syndrome: the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study
    May A Beydoun
    National Institute on Aging, NIA NIH IRP, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
    Public Health Nutr 14:77-92. 2011
  7. ncbi Between-group differences in nutrition- and health-related psychosocial factors among US adults and their associations with diet, exercise, and weight status
    Youfa Wang
    Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Acad Nutr Diet 112:486-498.e3. 2012
  8. ncbi Reduced away-from-home food expenditure and better nutrition knowledge and belief can improve quality of dietary intake among US adults
    May A Beydoun
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street E2546, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Public Health Nutr 12:369-81. 2009
  9. ncbi Serum antioxidant status is associated with metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults in recent national surveys
    May A Beydoun
    National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
    J Nutr 141:903-13. 2011
  10. ncbi The association of fast food, fruit and vegetable prices with dietary intakes among US adults: is there modification by family income?
    May A Beydoun
    Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
    Soc Sci Med 66:2218-29. 2008

Detail Information

Publications52

  1. ncbi Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia
    Youfa Wang
    Carolina Population Center, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27516-3997, USA
    Am J Clin Nutr 75:971-7. 2002
    ..The variations across countries may relate to changes and differences in key environmental factors...
  2. ncbi Will all Americans become overweight or obese? estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic
    Youfa Wang
    Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:2323-30. 2008
    ..Timely, dramatic, and effective development and implementation of corrective programs/policies are needed to avoid the otherwise inevitable health and societal consequences implied by our projections ...
  3. ncbi Resemblance in dietary intakes between urban low-income African-American adolescents and their mothers: the healthy eating and active lifestyles from school to home for kids study
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 109:52-63. 2009
    ..To examine the association and predictors of dietary intake resemblance between urban low-income African-American adolescents and their mothers...
  4. ncbi Dietary intake patterns of low-income urban african-american adolescents
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 110:1340-5. 2010
    ....
  5. ncbi Food prices are associated with dietary quality, fast food consumption, and body mass index among U.S. children and adolescents
    May A Beydoun
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Nutr 141:304-11. 2011
    ..S. children aged 2-9 y, higher FF-PI is associated with better dietary quality, whereas higher FV-PI is linked to higher BMI and lower fiber intake. Associations varied by family income in children for many dietary intake variables...
  6. ncbi Receiver-operating characteristics of adiposity for metabolic syndrome: the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study
    May A Beydoun
    National Institute on Aging, NIA NIH IRP, NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
    Public Health Nutr 14:77-92. 2011
    ..To assess the predictive values of various adiposity indices for metabolic syndrome (MetS) among adults using baseline data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) cohort...
  7. ncbi Between-group differences in nutrition- and health-related psychosocial factors among US adults and their associations with diet, exercise, and weight status
    Youfa Wang
    Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Acad Nutr Diet 112:486-498.e3. 2012
    ..Large disparities exist across ethnic and socioeconomic status groups regarding obesity and other chronic diseases. Eliminating health disparities is a national priority in the United States...
  8. ncbi Reduced away-from-home food expenditure and better nutrition knowledge and belief can improve quality of dietary intake among US adults
    May A Beydoun
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street E2546, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Public Health Nutr 12:369-81. 2009
    ..To test whether reduced away-from-home food expenditure (AFHFE) and better nutrition knowledge and beliefs (NKB) are associated with dietary quality among US adults...
  9. ncbi Serum antioxidant status is associated with metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults in recent national surveys
    May A Beydoun
    National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
    J Nutr 141:903-13. 2011
    ..S. adults with MetS, for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and various cardiovascular endpoints...
  10. ncbi The association of fast food, fruit and vegetable prices with dietary intakes among US adults: is there modification by family income?
    May A Beydoun
    Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
    Soc Sci Med 66:2218-29. 2008
    ....
  11. ncbi Trends and correlates in meat consumption patterns in the US adult population
    Youfa Wang
    Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Public Health Nutr 13:1333-45. 2010
    ..Few studies have examined recent shifts in meat consumption (MC), differences among US population groups, and the influence of psychosocial-behavioural factors...
  12. ncbi How much of racial/ethnic disparities in dietary intakes, exercise, and weight status can be explained by nutrition- and health-related psychosocial factors and socioeconomic status among US adults?
    Youfa Wang
    Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 111:1904-11. 2011
    ..5%) in the racial/ethnic differences when controlling for SES. In conclusion, NHRPF may explain very few, but SES may contribute some of the racial/ethnic disparities in diet, exercise, and weight status in the United States...
  13. ncbi Who is missing the message? Targeting strategies to increase food label use among US adults
    Xiaoli Chen
    Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Public Health Nutr 15:760-72. 2012
    ..To evaluate the associations between sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics and food label (FL) use in US adults...
  14. ncbi Pathways linking socioeconomic status to obesity through depression and lifestyle factors among young US adults
    May A Beydoun
    National Institute on Aging, NIA NIH IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
    J Affect Disord 123:52-63. 2010
    ..Future prospective studies are needed to examine potential mechanisms using physiological markers of depression, lifestyle and obesity...
  15. ncbi Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis
    Xiaoli Chen
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Circulation 117:3171-80. 2008
    ..A large number of studies have examined the tracking of blood pressure (BP) from childhood to adulthood, but the reported findings are inconsistent and few systematic analyses have been conducted...
  16. ncbi Disparities in pediatric obesity in the United States
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Adv Nutr 2:23-31. 2011
    ..g. white children and adolescents. Vigorous, effective interventions are needed to promote healthy lifestyles among U.S. young people and to reduce disparities in obesity...
  17. ncbi Measured body mass index, body weight perception, dissatisfaction and control practices in urban, low-income African American adolescents
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
    BMC Public Health 9:183. 2009
    ..The knowledge can help direct future intervention efforts...
  18. ncbi Ethnic differences in dairy and related nutrient consumption among US adults and their association with obesity, central obesity, and the metabolic syndrome
    May A Beydoun
    Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Am J Clin Nutr 87:1914-25. 2008
    ..Recent studies suggest dairy consumption and associated nutrients may be protective against some of the components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS)...
  19. ncbi The influence of sexual maturation on blood pressure and body fatness in African-American adolescent girls and boys
    Xiaoli Chen
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
    Am J Hum Biol 21:105-12. 2009
    ..In boys, a marginally significant reverse association (beta = -1.05 to -1.19) between SM stages and DBP was detected. SM affects BP and body fatness in girls, and should be considered in assessment of BP and obesity in adolescents...
  20. ncbi Do nutrition knowledge and beliefs modify the association of socio-economic factors and diet quality among US adults?
    May A Beydoun
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St E2546, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Prev Med 46:145-53. 2008
    ..We examined effects of socio-economic status (SES) factors on diet quality and fruits and vegetables intake among US adults and effect modification by nutrition knowledge and beliefs...
  21. ncbi Increasing consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among US adults: 1988-1994 to 1999-2004
    Sara N Bleich
    Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Am J Clin Nutr 89:372-81. 2009
    ..Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been linked to obesity and type 2 diabetes...
  22. ncbi Obesity and related risk factors among low socio-economic status minority students in Chicago
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Public Health Nutr 10:927-38. 2007
    ..To assess overweight and related risk factors among urban low socio-economic status (SES) African-American adolescents in an attempt to study the underlying causes of ethnicity and gender disparities in overweight...
  23. ncbi The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Epidemiol Rev 29:6-28. 2007
    ..The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed...
  24. ncbi Gender-ethnic disparity in BMI and waist circumference distribution shifts in US adults
    May A Beydoun
    Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 17:169-76. 2009
    ..8 and 70.7% by 2020. Shifts in BMI and WC distribution varied across age-, gender-, and ethnic groups. Future rise in the obesity and central obesity prevalence rates are expected, but would vary by demographic groups...
  25. ncbi Worldwide trends in dairy production and consumption and calcium intake: is promoting consumption of dairy products a sustainable solution for inadequate calcium intake?
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Food Nutr Bull 29:172-85. 2008
    ..Adequate calcium intake is critical for good health. Inadequate calcium intake is a worldwide problem and is more serious in countries where consumption of dairy products is low...
  26. ncbi Association of adiposity status and changes in early to mid-adulthood with incidence of Alzheimer's disease
    May A Beydoun
    Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
    Am J Epidemiol 168:1179-89. 2008
    ..70, 95% CI: 1.43, 9.56). Future studies should identify age- and gender-specific optimal weights and weight-loss strategies for preventing AD and investigate potential mechanisms...
  27. ncbi Parent-child dietary intake resemblance in the United States: evidence from a large representative survey
    May A Beydoun
    Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
    Soc Sci Med 68:2137-44. 2009
    ..Factors other than parental eating behaviors seem to play an important role in affecting American young people's dietary intake...
  28. ncbi Americans with diet-related chronic diseases report higher diet quality than those without these diseases
    Xiaoli Chen
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Behavior and Society, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Nutr 141:1543-51. 2011
    ..Efforts are needed to promote healthy eating among Americans with diet-related chronic diseases; nutrition education and promotion of FL use may help...
  29. ncbi The impact of blood pressure on the risk for cardiovascular diseases: what should be done now?
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    Am J Hypertens 21:247. 2008
  30. ncbi Are American children and adolescents of low socioeconomic status at increased risk of obesity? Changes in the association between overweight and family income between 1971 and 2002
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
    Am J Clin Nutr 84:707-16. 2006
    ..A good understanding of the association between obesity and socioeconomic status (SES) has many important public health and policies implications, particularly for the prevention and management of obesity...
  31. ncbi Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Int J Pediatr Obes 1:11-25. 2006
    ..This paper summarises the available information on recent trends in child overweight and obesity prevalence...
  32. ncbi The global childhood obesity epidemic and the association between socio-economic status and childhood obesity
    Youfa Wang
    Johns Hopkins Global Center for Childhood Obesity, Department of International Health, Human Nutrition Program, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Int Rev Psychiatry 24:176-88. 2012
    ..In general, SES groups with greater access to energy-dense diets (low-SES in industrialized countries and high-SES in developing countries) are at increased risk of being obese than their counterparts...
  33. ncbi Epidemic of childhood obesity: implications for kidney disease
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 13:336-51. 2006
    ..Future studies in the pediatric populations are needed...
  34. ncbi Is sleep duration associated with childhood obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis
    Xiaoli Chen
    Department of International Health, Center for Human Nutrition, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:265-74. 2008
  35. ncbi Limitations of the current world health organization growth references for children and adolescents
    Youfa Wang
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
    Food Nutr Bull 27:S175-88. 2006
    ..There is a need for a single international reference to assess the nutritional status and growth of school-aged children and adolescents across different countries...
  36. ncbi Tracking of dietary intake patterns is associated with baseline characteristics of urban low-income African-American adolescents
    Ji Li
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    J Nutr 138:94-100. 2008
    ..Decreased energy and snack intakes were negatively related to tracking of high BMI. Overall, urban low-income African-American adolescents tracked their dietary patterns over time. The tracking was affected by baseline characteristics...
  37. ncbi Have Americans increased their fruit and vegetable intake? The trends between 1988 and 2002
    Sarah Stark Casagrande
    Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    Am J Prev Med 32:257-63. 2007
    ....
  38. ncbi Sociodemographic disparities in the composition of metabolic syndrome components among adults in South Korea
    Hyunjung Lim
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    Diabetes Care 35:2028-35. 2012
    ..The SES-MetS association was not found in men. Central obesity + low HDL-C + hypertriglyceridemia was the most common MetS pattern regardless of the SES...
  39. ncbi Commentary: Obesity and mortality--light at the end but still a long tunnel
    Benjamin Caballero
    Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Int J Epidemiol 35:21-2. 2006
  40. ncbi Impacts of measurement protocols on blood pressure tracking from childhood into adulthood: a metaregression analysis
    Xiaoli Chen
    Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hopkins University, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
    Hypertension 51:642-9. 2008
    ..In general, Korotkoff phase 4 seems to be different from Korotkoff phase 5, and automated device is a promising approach for BP assessment in childhood...
  41. ncbi Is obesity associated with early sexual maturation? A comparison of the association in American boys versus girls
    Youfa Wang
    Department of Human Nutrition and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
    Pediatrics 110:903-10. 2002
    ..Earlier maturing girls are more likely to be obese than nonearly maturers. However, limited research has been conducted in boys...
  42. ncbi Socioeconomic inequality of obesity in the United States: do gender, age, and ethnicity matter?
    Qi Zhang
    Department of Medicine, MC2007, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
    Soc Sci Med 58:1171-80. 2004
    ..Our analyses suggested that gender, age, and ethnicity could be important factors on socioeconomic inequality in obesity...
  43. ncbi Trends in the association between obesity and socioeconomic status in U.S. adults: 1971 to 2000
    Qi Zhang
    Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2007, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
    Obes Res 12:1622-32. 2004
    ..To study the secular trends in the disparity of obesity across socioeconomic status (SES) groups among U.S. adults...
  44. ncbi Obesity and risk factors for the metabolic syndrome among low-income, urban, African American schoolchildren: the rule rather than the exception?
    Carol L Braunschweig
    Department of Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
    Am J Clin Nutr 81:970-5. 2005
    ..School-based obesity screening programs may effectively target high-risk populations...
  45. ncbi The association between amount of cigarettes smoked and overweight, central obesity among Chinese adults in Nanjing, China
    Fei Xu
    Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16:240-7. 2007
    ..To examine the association between overweight, central obesity and cigarette smoking (total amount of cigarettes smoked [TACS] and status)...
  46. ncbi Culturally appropriate approaches are needed to reduce ethnic disparity in childhood obesity
    Youfa Wang
    J Am Diet Assoc 104:1664-6. 2004
  47. ncbi Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes among men
    Youfa Wang
    Department of Human Nutrition and Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
    Am J Clin Nutr 81:555-63. 2005
    ..However, few studies have compared the predictive power of overall obesity with that of central obesity. The cutoffs for waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) as measures of abdominal adiposity remain controversial...
  48. ncbi Why do some overweight children remain overweight, whereas others do not?
    Youfa Wang
    Department of Human Nutrition, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago UIC, 1919 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
    Public Health Nutr 6:549-58. 2003
    ..To study the dynamics of childhood overweight and the influence of dietary intake on tracking of overweight...
  49. ncbi How do statistical properties influence findings of tracking (maintenance) in epidemiologic studies? An example of research in tracking of obesity
    Youfa Wang
    Department of Human Nutrition, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
    Eur J Epidemiol 18:1037-45. 2003
    ..Our proposed methods and predicted probabilities of tracking can help test whether one's observed tracking patterns are different from the statistically predicted ones...
  50. ncbi Using concentration index to study changes in socio-economic inequality of overweight among US adolescents between 1971 and 2002
    Qi Zhang
    School of Community and Environmental Health, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
    Int J Epidemiol 36:916-25. 2007
    ..The prevalence of overweight among adolescents continues to increase in the United States. This study examines the changes in socio-economic status (SES) inequality of overweight among US adolescents in the past three decades...
  51. ncbi Different risk factor patterns for metabolic syndrome in men with spinal cord injury compared with able-bodied men despite similar prevalence rates
    Huifang Liang
    Department of Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
    Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88:1198-204. 2007
    ..To determine if the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and risk factors differs between age- and race-matched men with spinal cord injury (SCI) and able-bodied men...
  52. ncbi The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among US adults according to the new joint national committee guidelines: new challenges of the old problem
    Youfa Wang
    Department of Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
    Arch Intern Med 164:2126-34. 2004
    ..Little is known about the current situation of elevated blood pressure in the United States, according to the new guidelines...