Ruslan M Medzhitov

..Preliminary analysis of the Drosophila genome sequence reveals important similarities and differences between the functioning of mammalian and invertebrate immune systems...

..Para-inflammation is probably responsible for the chronic inflammatory conditions that are associated with modern human diseases...

..Analysis of disease tolerance mechanisms should provide new approaches for the treatment of infections and other diseases...

..These patterns are deciphered by receptors that either induce or inhibit an immune response, depending on the meaning of these signals...

..The connections between the various immune components are not fully understood, but recent progress brings us closer to an integrated view of the immune system and its function in host defence...

..Here, we discuss the mechanisms of and the emerging principles in the transcriptional regulation of inflammatory responses in diverse physiological settings...

..Inflammation comes at the cost of a transient decline in tissue function, which can in turn contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases of altered homeostasis...

..We look forward to what the next 10 years of immunology research may bring...

..These results indicate an important role for ECSIT in signaling to NF-kappaB and suggest that processing of MEKK-1 is required for its function in the Toll/IL-1 pathway...

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..Moreover, poly(I:C) can induce activation of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases independently of MyD88, and cause dendritic cells to mature...

..1, which is required for the activation of naive T cells...

..In particular, we have focused on the function of innate microbial pattern recognition by Toll-like receptors in the context of tissue injury and repair, spontaneous colitis, and postnatal development...

..Experimental models of infection using TLR-deficient mice, as well as limited human studies, have clearly demonstrated the critical role of TLRs in host defense against most major groups of mammalian pathogens...

..However, recent work has demonstrated that activation of TLRs is required for initiation of only certain adaptive immune responses...

..Toll receptors and the associated signaling pathways of nuclear factor kappaB may represent the most ancient host defense system found in mammals, insects and plants...

..Recent evidence suggests that bacterial lipoproteins - major components of bacterial cell walls - are recognized by a member of the human TLR family...

..Pattern recognition receptors activate conserved host defense signaling pathways that control the expression of a variety of immune response genes...

..Recent evidence suggests that an evolutionarily ancient family of Toll-like receptors plays a crucial role in the detection of microbial infection and the induction of immune and inflammatory responses...

..Recognition of microbial products by Toll-like receptors expressed on dendritic cells triggers functional maturation of dendritic cells and leads to initiation of antigen-specific adaptive immune responses...

..We have also shown that the double-stranded RNA-binding protein kinase PKR is a component of both the TIRAP- and MyD88-dependent signaling pathways...

..These results suggest that distinct pathways of the innate immune system control activation of the two effector arms of adaptive immunity...

..Here we review the examples of the benefits of host-commensal interactions that are due to recognition of commensal microbial products by the host innate immune system...

..Based on these results, we propose an orientation for the TCR of this cloned line and argue for its generality...

..These studies will provide novel and important information that will help elucidate the role of TLRs in intestinal physiology, the pathogenesis of IBD and the biology of host-commensal interactions. ..

..These studies will provide novel and important information that will help elucidate the role of TLRs in intestinal physiology, the pathogenesis of IBD and the biology of host-commensal interactions. ..

..In this proposal we will investigate basic mechanisms that are involved in organism's protection from infections and mechanisms that prevent the development of autoimmune diseases. ..

..In this application we propose to investigate the mechanism of basophil activation by protease allergens and to provide new insights into basophil function in initiating Th2 immune responses. ..

..Elucidation of the cell biological principles of TLR signal transduction will help to understand the fundamental biology of the innate immune recognition. ..

..Our preliminary studies provide strong evidence that this is indeed the case. The goal of this proposal is to address multiple aspects of this hypothesis. ..

..Our preliminary studies provide strong evidence that this is indeed the case. The goal of this proposal is to address multiple aspects of this hypothesis. ..

..Our ultimate goal is to understand whether activation of different TLRs results in the induction of distinct cellular and immune responses. ..

..Our preliminary studies provide strong evidence that this is indeed the case. The goal of this proposal is to address multiple aspects of this hypothesis. ..

..In this proposal we will investigate basic mechanisms that are involved in organism's protection from infections and mechanisms that prevent the development of autoimmune diseases. ..