Hal Blumenfeld

..Understanding of these mechanisms could lead to improved treatment strategies to prevent impairment of consciousness and improve the quality of life of people with epilepsy...

..We suggest that differential activation of thalamic GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in response to varying corticothalamic input patterns may be critical in setting the oscillation frequency of thalamocortical network interactions...

..Understanding the networks involved in generalized tonic-clonic seizures can provide insights into mechanisms of behavioural changes, and may elucidate targets for improved therapies...

..Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) may affect brain regions outside the temporal lobe, causing impaired neocortical function during seizures...

..Further investigations of the relationship between behavior and altered network function in absence seizures may improve our understanding of both normal and impaired consciousness...

..It is hoped that improved understanding of the heterogeneous defects and selective brain regions involved will ultimately lead to more effective treatments for spike-wave seizures...

..6 is crucial for action potential generation. The goal of the present study was to investigate the possible role of changes in Nav1.6 expression in abnormal, activity-dependent plasticity of hippocampal circuits...

..The mechanisms for worsening behavioral seizures, and the possible role of enhanced connectivity between the amygdala and other structures have not been thoroughly investigated...

..fMRI studies in animal models of epilepsy can enable us to correctly interpret fMRI signal increases and decreases in human studies, ultimately elucidating specific networks that will be targeted for improved treatment of epilepsy...

..These results suggest that impaired consciousness in temporal lobe seizures may result from focal abnormal activity in temporal and subcortical networks linked to widespread impaired function of the association cortex...

..Information flow during normal conscious processing may require a dynamic balance between these two extremes of excitation and inhibition...

..We sought to determine whether early treatment in a model of genetic epilepsy would reduce the severity of the epilepsy phenotype in adulthood...

..Relative sparing of many brain regions during both spontaneous and induced seizures suggests that specific networks may be more important than others in so-called generalized seizures...

..A greater understanding of these molecular and network mechanisms will ultimately lead to improved targeted therapies for generalized epilepsy...

..In bifrontal ECT, a greater increase in prefrontal activation, while sparing the temporal lobes, may result in a better therapeutic response and fewer adverse effects on memory than bitemporal ECT...

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..Further investigations will be needed to fully determine the role of cortical-subcortical networks in ictal neocortical dysfunction and may reveal treatments to prevent this important negative consequence of temporal lobe epilepsy...

..If confirmed, subcortical networks may represent a target for therapies aimed at preserving consciousness in human temporal lobe seizures...

..These opposite changes in vascular and electrical activity indicate that caution should be applied when interpreting fMRI signals in both health and disease from the caudate-putamen, as well as possibly from other subcortical structures...

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..However, fMRI during typical childhood absence seizures with confirmed impaired consciousness has not been previously investigated...

..CONCLUSIONS: ISAS provides a validated and readily available method for epilepsy SPECT analysis and interpretation. The results also emphasize the need to obtain SPECT injections during seizures to achieve unambiguous localization...

..Here, we expand the measures evaluated to icEEG power and frequency band power...

..These results may be important mechanistically for seizure initiation and termination and may also contribute to changes in EEG and behavior...

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..This region of cortex approximately matches the electrophysiologically determined region of seizure onset. Changes in the expression of Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 parallel age-dependent increases in seizure frequency and duration...

..We discuss the importance of minimizing residual signal, represented by the difference between modeled and raw signals, in convolution analysis of multi-modal signals...

..The normal response to somatosensory stimulation appears to be poised between two abnormal responses produced by two physiologically different types of seizures...

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..This remote effect of partial seizures may cause impaired cerebral functions, including loss of consciousness...

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..Caution should be used in interpreting fMRI signals because the relationship between neuronal activity and BOLD signals may depend on brain region and state and can be different during normal and pathological conditions...

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..Further studies of this kind may elucidate specific networks in generalized tonic-clonic seizures, providing targets for new therapeutic interventions in epilepsy...

..The results identified a component of the BOLD signal that can be attributed to significant changes in CMR(O(2)), even for temporal events separated by <200 ms...

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..We discuss implications for interpreting fMRI data where stimulus-specific DeltaCMR(O2) is generally small compared with baseline CMR(O2)...

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..These findings establish a simple, validated and objective method for analyzing ictal-interictal SPECT difference images for use in the care of patients with epilepsy...

..Further work may elucidate the specific brain networks underlying relatively spared functions in CPS, ultimately leading to improved treatments aimed at preventing impaired consciousness...

..This review of the major prior theories of impaired consciousness in epilepsy allows us to put more recent data into context and to reach a better understanding of the mechanisms important for normal consciousness...

..This may represent a push-pull mechanism similar to that seen operating between cortical networks under normal conditions...

..Difference analysis using SPM could serve as a useful diagnostic tool in the evaluation of seizure focus in temporal lobe epilepsy...

..This methodology may be applied to further describe differential driving impairment in specific types of seizures and to gain data on anatomical networks disrupted in seizures that impair consciousness and driving safety...

..Screening of patients with CAE for comorbid psychiatric disorders early by focusing on specific symptom profiles unique to this population may enhance overall treatment and developmental outcomes...

..Children with CAE are at risk for certain inattentive and hyperactive problems, which can differ depending on duration of illness and active seizure status...

..Patients should be under close psychiatric observation in this clinical setting...

..Thus, LGI1 binding to ADAM23 is necessary to correctly pattern neuronal morphology and altered anatomical patterning contributes to ADPEAF...

..Prior work on epileptic unconsciousness has mainly used retrospective and nonstandardized methods. Our goal was to validate and to obtain initial data using a standardized prospective testing battery...

..To review the clinical, neurophysiologic features and surgical outcomes in patients with frontal lobe tumors and chronic intractable seizures...

..These results illustrate the importance of measured neural signals for interpretation of fMRI by showing that GLM of BOLD responses may lead to misinterpretation of neural activity in some cases...

..The present findings support a role for the right anterior mesial temporal lobe in dot location learning and memory...

..Because DeltaCMR(O2)/CMR(O2) had the same high spatial and temporal resolutions of the fMRI signal, these results show how BOLD imaging, when converted to DeltaCMR(O2)/CMR(O2), responds to localized changes in neuronal spike frequency...

..Hopefully, further investigation of antiepileptogenesis in animal models will soon enable human therapeutic trials to be initiated, leading to long-term epilepsy prevention and improved patient quality of life...

..These findings suggest that, with appropriate cautious interpretation, ictal SPECT in secondarily generalized seizures can help localize the region of seizure onset...

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..We conclude that RES-II has improved accuracy and testing efficiency compared with the original RES. Prospective objective testing will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms of impaired consciousness in epilepsy...

..This review provides a brief summary of the major human and animal studies in both partial and generalized epilepsies that demonstrate the potential of these imaging modalities to serve as biomarkers of epileptogenesis...

..Our aim was to investigate whether this abnormal bisynchrony may extend to the interictal period, using a blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) resting functional connectivity approach...

..Prior studies describe variable cerebral blood flow changes in delirium. This study aims to investigate cerebral blood flow changes in older hospitalized patients with delirium, the population in which most cases of delirium occur...

..The information provided by these studies may yield insights into the mechanisms of normal cortical rhythmic oscillations, and suggest new therapies for the therapeutic management of epileptic seizures. ..

..Understanding mechanisms of impaired attention in this form of epilepsy may have implications for treating other types of epilepsy as well. ..

..Understanding mechanisms of impaired attention in this form of epilepsy may have implications for treating other types of epilepsy as well. ..

..The approach used in this well-characterized model may also enhance the ability to interpret noninvasive epilepsy neuroimaging studies in humans. ..

..untreated animals. We will also investigate the anatomical basis of white matter DTI abnormalities through electron microscopy to determine changes in axons and myelin in affected regions. 2. ..