S Aksoy

..It is imperative to note that these novel findings would have been missed if we had employed the standard univariate analysis used in previous studies. Our results are discussed in the context of disease epidemiology and vector control...

..It is unknown whether the G. pallidipes belt in southeastern Uganda extends into western Kenya. We investigated the genetic diversity and population structure of G. pallidipes in Uganda and western Kenya...

..f. fuscipes distributed across southeastern Uganda, including a zone of contact between two historically isolated lineages. A total of 667 tsetse flies were genotyped at 16 microsatellite loci and at one mitochondrial locus...

..3438 expressed sequence tags were sequenced and analyzed...

..Adult tsetse flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood and are important vectors of human and animal diseases. Thus far, only limited information exists regarding the Glossina sialome, or any other fly belonging to the Hippoboscidae...

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..A strategy is outlined where the replacement of susceptible insect phenotypes with their engineered refractory counterparts can result in decreased disease transmission...

..An international consortium is now in place to further efforts to lead to a full genome project...

..Here, Serap Aksoy and colleagues discuss molecular genetic approaches to modulate tsetse vector competence...

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..We present gene arrays as a rapid tool for comparative genomics in the absence of whole genome sequence to advance our understanding of closely related bacteria...

..Both the coding sequences and patterns of expression of Gsp1 and Gsp2 genes are similar to the serine proteases that have been reported from the bloodfeeding insect Stomoxys calcitrans...

..The expression of these cDNAs in different tsetse species (G. m. morsitans, Glossina austeni and Glossina fuscipes) shows wide variations...

..To understand milk protein function and regulation during viviparous reproduction, milk proteins need to be identified and characterized...

..Milk gland protein, apparently important for larval nutrition, however, is primarily synthesized by accessory milk gland tissue...

..austeni Newstead. Genetic variability was estimated in one field population of G. p. gambiensis. These results confirmed that microsatellite markers may be used to examine the subpopulation structure of tsetse flies...

..The results are discussed in relation to transgenic approaches proposed for modulating vector competence in tsetse...

..This article reviews the known biology of trypanosome development in the fly in the context of the physiology of the digestive system and interactions of the immune defences and symbiotic flora...

..The presence of Wolbachia-like Rickettsia in the ovaries of G.morsitans subspecies may help to explain the maternally inherited incompatibility of some crosses within this species...

..The regulation of symbiont density, arising from coadaptive processes, may be an important mechanism driving inter-specific relations to ensure their competitive survival and to promote specialization of beneficial associations...

..Our ability to transinfect tsetse flies is indicative of Sodalis ' recent evolutionary history with its tsetse fly host and demonstrates that this procedure may be used as a means of streamlining future paratransgenesis experiments...

..Transcription of AttD is significantly less relative to the other two genes, and is preferentially induced in the fat body of parasitized flies. These results indicate that the different attacin genes may be differentially regulated...

..Replacing susceptible insect genotypes with modified counterparts with reduced pathogen transmission ability, might provide a new set of armaments in the battle for vector-borne disease reduction...

..A dynamic interplay between Wigglesworthia and host immunity apparently is influential in tsetse's ability to transmit trypanosomes...

..The intrauterine larva of tsetse may receive the protein from its mother via the milk gland route. The molecular characteristics of GChit and its product and the potential role of this chitinase in tsetse biology are discussed...

..pallidipes. The role of early, uninduced attacin expression, and its role in relative refractoriness in tsetse, is discussed...

..Analysis of tsetse that have cured the parasite challenge shows normal levels of GmmTsf. This observation suggests that the parasite in competing for the availability of limited dietary iron may manipulate host gene expression...

..It is possible that these adaptations, streamlining genomes, act to make a free-living state no longer feasible for the harnessed microbe...

..Unexpectedly, this obligate's genome bears hallmarks of both parasitic and free-living microbes, and the gene encoding the important regulatory protein DnaA is absent...

..We present an application of E. coli gene arrays to obtain broad genome information for a closely related organism in the absence of complete genome sequence data...

..coli K12. Our results show that polymorphisms in the exposed loop domains of OmpA represent a microbial adaptation that mediates host tolerance of endogenous symbiotic bacteria...

..The ability to rear adult tsetse that lack the obligate Wigglesworthia endosymbionts will now enable functional investigations into this ancient symbiosis...

..On the other hand, GmmFer1HCH maintains both the conserved ferroxidase center and the 5'UTR IRE; however, transcript variants suggest a more extensive regulatory mechanism for this subunit...

..We discuss the significance of the milk gland in larval nutrition and in transmission of symbiotic bacteria to developing offspring...

..We discuss the molecular characteristics of these proventriculus specific cDNAs and their products as well as their potential role for vector control studies...

..These results demonstrate that both GmmYP1 and GmmMGP are involved in tsetse reproductive biology, the former associated with the process of oogenesis and the latter with larvigenesis...

..We discuss the putative role of the proventriculus in invertebrate immunity and specifically speculate on its significance for trypanosome transmission in tsetse...

..Our results provide the first direct evidence for the involvement of antimicrobial peptides in trypanosome transmission in tsetse...

..We discuss a paratransgenic strategy, which involves the expression of trypanocidal molecules such as recGmAttA1 in the midgut symbiont Sodalis in vivo to reduce trypanosome transmission...

..Potential repercussions for vector population growth, parasite-host coevolution, and disease prevalence are discussed...

..An outline of insect immunity is given here based on the Drosophila studies, which is used as a framework to discuss recent work on Plasmodium-mosquito and Trypanosoma-tsetse interactions...

..Our results indicate that FHV has uniquely broad insect host range and that the virus can be used to study virus host interactions in a variety of medically important insects...

..The data suggest that Sodalis represents an evolutionary intermediate transitioning from a free-living to a mutualistic lifestyle...

..In the tsetse fly, some of the neurosecretory fibers also extend between the muscle fibers of the myocardium, and release their material into the lumen of the heart...

..The role of functions typically associated with pathogenic microorganisms will be pursued in these beneficial microbes. ..

..This interdisciplinary application will combine epidemiology, population genetics and modeling with model parameterization and verification from laboratory and field research. ..

..This interdisciplinary application will combine epidemiology, population genetics and modeling with model parameterization and verification from laboratory and field research. ..

..Disruption of tsetse reproduction would be an effective way to reduce or eliminate fly populations resulting in the prevention of trypanosome transmission to humans and livestock. ..

..The role of functions typically associated with pathogenic microorganisms will be pursued in these beneficial microbes. ..

..The ultimate goal is to be able to interfere with parasite transmission in the fly. ..

..Disruption of tsetse reproduction would be an effective way to reduce or eliminate fly populations resulting in the prevention of trypanosome transmission to humans and livestock. ..

..Immunity genes are strong =candidates which this study may help to identify. These genes may also play a role in differentiation of trypanosomes and again, this project will identify potential candidates. ..

..The basic knowledge obtained will strengthen our understanding of tsetse biology and will also provide information relevant to other important disease vectors which harbor similar symbionts (e.g., ticks, fleas, reduviid bugs etc.). ..

..Immunity genes are strong candidates, which this study may help to identify. These genes may also play a role in differentiation of trypanosomes and again, this project will identify potential candidates. ..

..Immunity genes are strong candidates, which this study may help to identify. These genes may also play a role in differentiation of trypanosomes and again, this project will identify potential candidates. ..

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..This interdisciplinary proposal will combine epidemiology, population genetics and modeling with model parameterization and verification from laboratory and field research. ..