ROBERT GEOFFREY CARLSON

..Latent class analysis is a useful method to help describe and understand variability in polydrug use patterns...

..Nondaily crack cocaine users and marijuana users were less likely to enter treatment. The findings can help inform rural substance abuse treatment program development and outreach...

..The findings provide preliminary qualitative insight into a unique population that may be used to inform future studies...

..Because Ecstasy is commonly used among small groups of friends, peer leader or other social network intervention approaches may be promising...

..White crack users were more likely to have comorbidity, complicating their treatment...

..Implications for treatment and prevention are discussed...

..These findings have practical implications for efforts addressing substance abuse in rural areas...

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..Most clients concluded that a positive working alliance helped them to build trust, self-worth, and self-esteem...

..The low and declining mean scores suggest that for most people MDMA/;ecstasy' use does not result in long-term depressive symptomatology...

..Although crack cocaine first appeared in cities in the United States in the mid-1980s, little is known about its use over long periods of time. This study identified crack cocaine user groups on the basis of long-term trajectories...

..A better understanding of drug users' perceptions can help to inform interventions designed to improve readiness for treatment...

..Numerous behavioral interventions have been tested to determine their potential role in improving linkage...

..1.56-10.13), to have poor mental health scores. Frequency and type of drug use had no measurable effect on mental health status. Physical and mental health problems are likely to be pervasive among nonmedical drug users in rural areas...

..These results suggest that a host of drug and nondrug factors need to be considered when addressing depressive symptoms in stimulant users...

..Additional research is needed to better understand the role of race/ethnicity in the development of cocaine dependence resulting from crack use...

..The study findings can inform further examination of rural treatment barriers and have important implications for developing strategies to overcome these obstacles...

..The implications of these findings on developing interventions for the pretreatment group will be discussed...

..The findings suggest that it would be reasonable to consider the pattern of factor loadings and structure relations as invariant across gender, ethnic, and age groups...

..quot; Implications of the findings for additional research and interventions are discussed...

..This study provides an increased understanding of readiness for treatment among pre-treatment substance abusers and also supported the construct validity of the Pre-Treatment Readiness Scale...

..We focus on understanding the social factors, life history, and everyday circumstances that participants related to their current patterns and levels of crack use. Implications for intervention are discussed...

..The findings indicate that informed drug treatment outreach and reduction of potential adverse consequences among methamphetamine users in rural areas are important issues for public health and for interventions...

..The typology can aid in the development of communication strategies necessary for successful prevention activities among some categories of ecstasy users...

..White and younger people were more likely to be classified in the heavy user group. The results suggest that comprehensive substance abuse prevention and treatment programs are needed in rural communities...

..Higher lifetime occasions of MDMA use were marginally related to symptoms of serious depression...

..RDS has the potential to be widely employed in studies of illicit drug-using populations...

..Findings support the development of peer-oriented, network strategies to reach ecstasy users with prevention messages. Efforts to make prevention web sites more attractive should be considered...

..Incorporating assessments of physical problems as well as a mechanism for their treatment into the regimen of drug abuse treatment programs should be considered...

..Treatment programs should routinely screen crack-cocaine users for depression. The BDI may be a suitable tool for such efforts since it has an acceptable level of internal consistency when employed with crack users (a = 0.89)...

..Local survey data can inform local policy and programs. These findings have practical implications for policymakers, program developers, and school districts in other areas of the country...

..Developing a strategy to practically apply these findings may facilitate treatment entry among a population involved with a dangerous and debilitating drug...

..06-1.99), and higher Addiction Severity Index composite medical scores (OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.15-2.29) increased the odds of an ED visit. Factors in addition to drug use are likely to affect ED utilization rates among crack-cocaine smokers...

..They suggest that professional treatment providers should investigate the potential benefits of improving outreach efforts to assist African-American ministers engaged in drug abuse issues...

..The study shows that SDA is a useful technique for multi-population comparisons, providing an opportunity to look at data from a different perspective in medical studies...

..Some limitations of RDS are also discussed...

..Fourteen African Americans reported methamphetamine use and discussed pathways to it. Possible increases in African- American methamphetamine use merits further investigation...

..Variations in the prevalence of psychiatric disorders have practical implications for drug abuse prevention and treatment programs...

..CONCLUSIONS: Stimulant drug users in rural Ohio are involved with a range of substances and hold health beliefs that may impede health services utilization...

..This study complements other research on the social ecology of heroin injection and may contribute to improved services for injection drug users in rural areas and small communities...

..There is growing concern about illicit rural stimulant use, especially regarding methamphetamine use and its health consequences...

..To examine how race and methamphetamine legislation are associated with changes in cocaine and methamphetamine use among untreated rural stimulant users...

..It is postulated that local social networks are the primary means by which these patterns are both transmitted and translated. Implications of these exploratory findings and possible directions for future research are discussed...

..9, CI = 1.47-10.09; p = .006). These findings indicate HIV prevention efforts should be tailored to address gender and racial/ethnic differences in risk behaviors among rural stimulant users...

..The premise was that inhibition of NHE-1 limits intracellcular Na accumulation and thereby limits Na/Ca-exchanger-mediated calcium overload to reduce infarct size...

..Finally, the data provided by this study will help policy makers plan prevention activities and develop a treatment response for drug abusers in rural areas. ..

..The results can inform future sex risk-reduction interventions as well as club drug prevention and treatment initiatives. ..

..The results will benefit public health by informing potential interventions. ..