J G Csernansky

..The societal costs of treating patients with schizophrenia can be lessened by employing strategies that decrease relapse and the need for rehospitalisation, the most costly treatment alternative...

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..These results also show that comparisons of neuroanatomical shapes can be more informative than volume comparisons for identifying individuals with neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia...

..The possibility that damage to the limbic system disrupts dopaminergic regulation of locomotor behavior is discussed, as well as implications for neuropathology in schizophrenia...

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..These results suggest that inward deformation of the left hippocampal surface in a zone corresponding to the CA1 subfield is an early predictor of the onset of DAT in nondemented elderly subjects...

..These data indicate that the hyperactivity associated with limbic-cortical lesions may be insensitive to reversal by haloperidol, yet uniquely sensitive to suppression by clozapine...

..These results suggest that stress may have an impact on the underlying disease process associated with Alzheimer's disease...

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..These results suggest that isolation stress increases corticosterone levels and GR and CRFR1 expression in conjunction with increases in brain tissue Abeta levels and Abeta plaque deposition in the Tg2576 mouse model of AD...

..71). These results suggest that there are separate and shared genetic influences on the development of the thalamus and cerebral cortex...

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..This developmental animal model of neuronal loss may be useful in studying neurodevelopmental disorders where the onset of symptoms or cognitive deficits is thought to follow an early developmental insult...

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..The current study used a similar paradigm to determine whether siblings of individuals with schizophrenia (SIBs) also show increases in brain activity when presented with beneficial encoding strategies...

..These results provide the first quantitative morphological evidence at the ultrastructure level of a spatial relationship between beta-amyloid plaques and synapse loss within the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex of Tg2576 mice...

..97, 0.94 and 0.93, respectively. Thus, we describe a reliable method of parcellating the SFG, IFG and MFG, which constitute the DLPFC, a brain region involved in a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions...

..These findings suggest that the development of the ventral and dorsal components of the hippocampus is influenced by separate genetic loci...

..In conclusion, basal ganglia volumes relative to total brain volume were larger in schizophrenia subjects than healthy comparison subjects. Specific patterns of shape change accompanied these volume differences...

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..Results suggest that there is a complex relationship between cognitive and clinical factors in this high-risk population...

..Patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) respond variably to treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors...

..These results suggest that olanzapine has neuroprotective effects in a rat model of neurodevelopmental insult, and may be relevant to the observed effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on brain structure in patients with schizophrenia...

..The cellular mechanisms responsible for such gray matter losses are unknown, but have been hypothesized to involve abnormal increases in apoptosis...

..Further, PCA of the initial momentum leads to correct classification of 12 out of 18 DAT subjects and 22 out of 26 control subjects...

..These results indicate that SBR provides significant advantages over affine VBR when analyzing cortical fMRI activations. Furthermore, these improvements can be even greater in disorders that have associated structural abnormalities...

..Our aim was to test the hypothesis that abnormalities of basal ganglia structure are intrinsic features of schizophrenia by assessing basal ganglia volume and shape in the unaffected siblings of schizophrenia subjects...

..77 and 0.87, which were obtained in the same training set using the leave-one-out cross validation approach...

..Inward deformation of the anterior and posterior regions of the thalamus represents a potential neuroanatomical endophenotype of schizophrenia...

..Therefore, in the absence of a naturally occurring sulcal boundary, the proposed method for parcellation of the FP can provide unbiased volume estimations for studies of healthy and disordered populations of subjects...

..Suggestions for future research are offered...

..Automated calculation of whole-brain volume and estimated total intracranial volume are presented to demonstrate use of the data for measuring differences associated with normal aging and Alzheimer's disease...

..In individuals with schizophrenia, deficits in context processing have been associated with functional impairments of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)...

..e., ventral prefrontal and parietal cortices) or 2) domain-general executive processes engaged by verbal and nonverbal tasks (i.e., dorsal prefrontal and parietal cortices)...

..Thus, behavioral stressors can rapidly increase ISF Abeta through neuronal activity in a CRF-dependent manner, and the results suggest a mechanism by which behavioral stress may affect Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis...

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..Neurology 55, 1636--1643.] and suggest that inward deformities of the hippocampal surface in proximity to the CA1 subfield and subiculum can be used to distinguish subjects with very mild DAT from nondemented subjects...

..These results may be relevant to the effects of quetiapine and other antipsychotic drugs on memory deficits in patients with schizophrenia...

..In this article, the authors present data from 2 studies using phonologic and category fluency tasks to demonstrate that the critical factor for task selection and matching is discriminating power, not task difficulty...

..The functional impact of these changes may be relevant to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia...

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..Despite increased pill costs for atypical antipsychotic drugs, the overall costs of providing care to patients with schizophrenia using these drugs do not appear to be substantially higher...

..Furthermore, they serve as a basis for a non-transgenic mouse model of the NMDA receptor or hippocampal dysfunction hypothesized to occur in human cognitive disorders...

..KA administration resulted in both neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis within the CA3 subfield, suggesting that the purpose of neurogenesis in the CA3 is to replace neurons lost to apoptosis...

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..In this study, high-dimensional brain mapping was used to evaluate hippocampal shape and volume in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy comparison subjects...

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..High dimensional brain mapping, which utilizes probabilistic deformations of a neuroanatomical template, was used to characterize disease-related patterns of changes in hippocampal volume, shape, and asymmetry...

..Increased CSF concentrations of tau significantly discriminated DAT and control subjects, as did the ratios of tau to Abeta and tau to Abeta(1-42)...

..Some evidence was found for more severe cognitive and functional deficits with verbal than nonverbal stimuli, although these results were mixed...

..These findings may be relevant to the pathogenesis of some neuropsychiatric disorders, where early CNS injury is not apparent until the onset of clinical symptoms in young adulthood...

..Low-dose irradiation of the fetal primate may be useful for modeling key features of the pathology described in schizophrenic patients...

..These results suggest that different patterns of hippocampal shape change in time as well as different rates of hippocampal volume loss distinguish very mild DAT from healthy aging...

..These results begin to validate the interpretation of functional neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia in terms of neuronal as opposed to vascular mechanisms...

..We tested the hypothesis that providing effective encoding strategies to schizophrenia patients enhances encoding-related brain activity and recognition performance...

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..Tg2576 mice may be useful as an animal model to further investigate the mechanisms by which aceytlcholinesterase inhibitors improve cognitive deficits in patients with AD...

..Exposure of nonhuman primates to x-irradiation in early gestation has previously been shown to decrease thalamic volume and neuronal number. Here we examine whether early gestational irradiation also results in cortical volume reduction...

..The data suggest that hippocampal volume assessed in living subjects with probable AD is both a good marker of dementia severity and of an underlying element of the AD disease process...

..g., asymmetry), and changes of shapes over time. Promising preliminary studies employing these approaches to studies of subjects with schizophrenia and very mild to mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) are presented...

..Results on clinical data indicate that features describing the head of the right hippocampus are most relevant for discrimination...

..However, the pattern of shape change associated with such volume loss has not been investigated. In this study, alterations in thalamic volume, shape, and symmetry were compared in subjects with and without schizophrenia...

..If present, such relationships should be most clearly observable in patients with first episode schizophrenia; that is, before the effects of chronic illness, institutionalization, or treatment might confound them...

..CONCLUSIONS: Deformations of hippocampal anatomy may be related to the genetic vulnerability of acquiring schizophrenia...

..82. In addition, by repeating the entire procedure three times in one subject, we obtained a coefficient of variation of 0.0438 for surface area...

..Contralateral hippocampi show different HDM-LD changes, suggesting that the underlying disease process in the contralateral hippocampi is different from MTS...

..Similar to other studies of platelet 5-HT markers, these data suggest that platelet 5-HT content may also reflect central 5-HT alterations and may be used as a biological marker in appropriate patient samples...

..These data suggest that decreases in fear conditioning produced by hippocampal lesions reflect a memory deficit and not a lack of fear...