Robert S Wallis

..These 2 pathogenic mechanisms cannot otherwise be readily distinguished...

..Prolonged treatment is presently required to prevent relapse, which is thought to arise from persisting foci of semidormant infection contained within granulomas...

..The ability of infliximab to disrupt established granulomas may be distinct from its ability to neutralize soluble TNF. Further research to elucidate the mechanism of the antigranuloma activity of infliximab is warranted...

..TNF is known to participate in the induction and maintenance of protective granulomas at multiple steps, and evidence supporting a differential inhibition of TNF bioactivity and signaling by the 2 drugs is discussed...

..IL-10 production was equally suppressed by all three drugs, excluding excess IL-10 as a regulatory mechanism. The tuberculosis risk posed by infliximab may reflect its combined effects on TNF and IFNgamma...

..Limiting TB therapy to weekdays may promote the emergence of acquired drug resistance in patients with advanced AIDS and TB. A large, simple trial to examine this question is both warranted and feasible...

..tuberculosis. None of the drugs induced significant levels of apoptosis or necrosis, in either monocytes or T cells. CONCLUSIONS: The tuberculosis risk posed by infliximab may reflect its combined effects on TNF and IFN- gamma ...

..Our findings indicate substantial variability in the capacity of clinical tuberculosis isolates to replicate in host cells in the face of innate host immunity...

..The present study was conducted to determine the activity of OPC-67,683 in the in vitro tolerance model using drug-tolerant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains...

..Clinical strategies for prevention and management of tuberculosis in patients treated with TNF blockers may be improved based on our evolving understanding of these differences...

..Clofazimine was inactive whether it was tested alone or combined with other drugs that are used to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, despite a total dose of 2 g. Kanamycin was the most active drug tested...

..018), both of which are indicative of prognosis. These findings indicate that measurement of WBA may have a role in assessing the sterilizing activity of new anti-TB drugs...

..The potential role of corticosteroids as tools to examine this question will be limited by concerns regarding their toxicity; however, further studies of other agents to limit cellular activation in AIDS are warranted...

..The data presented in this supplement highlight the need for further research into these key areas, and illustrate our current understanding of the mode of action of TNF blockers as only the tip of the iceberg...

..This phase 1 study examined the safety, microbiology, immunology, and virology of TNF blockade using etanercept (soluble TNF receptor, Enbrel) during the initial treatment of HIV-associated tuberculosis...

..MAC-specific T cell responses apparently develop and persist during DMAC, but are dysfunctional or too infrequent to prevent persistence...

..Conclusion. The benefits of prednisolone therapy on immune activation and CD4(+) T cell counts do not outweigh the risks of adverse events in HIV-infected patients with TB and preserved immune function...

..These experiments indicate that whole blood culture may be used to measure immunity to M. tuberculosis and that further studies of repeated BCG vaccination are warranted...