John Sweeney

..It thus provides a promising methodology for characterizing and documenting maturational abnormalities in brain systems associated with neurodevelopmental disorders...

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..During cognitive control of emotion processing, PBD patients deployed the VLPFC to a greater extent than HC. The ADHD patients showed decreased VLPFC engagement relative to both HC and PBD patients...

..The atypical metrics of intrusive saccades that were observed may be attributable to faulty functional connectivity in cortico-cerebellar networks...

..Which of these components are the primary causes of smooth pursuit impairments and whether they are impaired similarly across psychotic disorders remain to be established...

..These findings document that neurodevelopmental disturbances in autism affect widely distributed brain systems beyond those mediating language and social cognition...

..However, the distinct pattern of dysfunction in schizophrenia across oculomotor paradigms suggests possible unique causes of their observed oculomotor performance deficits...

..Studies with nonhuman primates performing oculomotor delayed response tasks suggest that the apparent adverse effect of risperidone might result from treatment-related changes in modulatory functions of prefrontal D1 receptor systems...

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..This dysfunction appears to be minimized by the atypical antipsychotic risperidone but at the cost of a subtle reduction in saccade accuracy, possibly mediated via adverse effects on cerebellar vermis function...

..Executive dysfunction has been reported at different ages in autism. It is not clear however, when this impairment emerges or how its expression is affected by development...

..This is the first study to document task-dependent, system-level cortical and subcortical dysfunction in individuals who had experienced an electrical shock trauma...

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..The latter, if true, would strongly support therapeutic intervention efforts in the prodromal and early psychotic phases of schizophrenia...

..quot; This study examined the neuroanatomical correlates and diagnostic specificity of abnormal findings on the neurological examination in first-episode schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders...

..How brain maturation specific to adolescence may support cognitive maturation is discussed...

..Overall, these results demonstrate reduced spatial working memory abilities in autism, and extend previous findings by demonstrating that these deficits are significant when tasks impose heavier demands on working memory...

..Studying sensorimotor and neurocognitive impairments in unaffected family members of individuals with autism may help identify familial pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the disorder...

..These abnormalities need to be prospectively investigated in nonpsychotic individuals at risk for schizophrenia in order to determine their predictive value for eventual emergence of schizophrenia or related disorders...

..Our results suggest an altered maturational trajectory of executive function during adolescence in individuals at familial risk for schizophrenia...

..Longitudinal studies can clarify whether an "ADHD subgroup" within HR subjects predict an increased risk for future emergence of schizophrenia...

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..These findings warrant further investigation regarding the utility of neurophysiological biomarkers for assessing cognitive outcomes of antipsychotic treatment in clinical trials and in early-phase drug development...

..The current study attempted to determine whether neurodevelopmental and acquired brain abnormalities are more common in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD)...

..Identifying pathophysiology in affect processing circuitry that supports the ability to assess facial emotions might facilitate understanding of affect regulation in pediatric bipolar disorder...

..Future studies of the neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic treatment may need to take potential sex differences in cognitive response into account...

..Longitudinal follow-up of neurocognitive functioning in people with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) was conducted to characterize the developmental trajectory of cognitive disabilities in this disorder...

..These results indicate that the neural circuitries for affect regulation are still developing in adolescence and have not yet reached the adult level...

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..We investigated the effects of menstrual cycle phase and related fluctuations in peripheral hormone levels on clinical symptoms in women with chronic schizophrenia...

..Prefrontal dysfunction was observed in both the ADHD and PBD groups relative to HC, although it was more extensive and accompanied by subcortical overactivity in ADHD...

..To the extent that these findings are generalizable, neuropsychological deficits in psychotic affective disorders, like schizophrenia, may be trait-like deficits with persistent functional implications...

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..The procedure is demonstrated on real data from an event-related design experiment of visually guided saccades and shown to be an effective alternative to existing methods...

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..Evaluating performance on procedural learning tasks can provide unique information about neurodevelopmental disorders in which frontostriatal disturbances have been reported, such as autism...

..Anticipatory behavior induced by the PRED task required less sensory-related processing activity and was subserved by a distributed cortico-subcortical memory system including prefronto-striatal circuitry...

..The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness and safety of lamotrigine in maintenance of manic and depressive symptom control in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD)...

..To examine the treatment impact of lamotrigine on the neurocognitive profile of patients with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD)...

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..To investigate microstructure of white matter fiber tracts in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)...

..This suggests that dysregulation of automatic attentional processes may contribute to disturbances in prefrontally mediated control of voluntary behavior...

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..The aim of the current study is to determine whether pharmacotherapy normalizes cognitive circuitry function supporting voluntary behavioral inhibition in adolescent bipolar disorder...

..This pattern of functional alteration in affective and cognitive circuitry may contribute to the reduced capacity for affect regulation and behavioral self-control in pediatric bipolar disorder...

..However, very few studies have evaluated neurocognitive dimensions in bipolar probands or their unaffected relatives, and much work in this area is needed...

..To use functional neuroimaging to probe the affective circuitry dysfunctions underlying disturbances in emotion processing and emotional reactivity in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD)...

..To provide an overview of clinical research aiming to develop a mechanistic understanding of brain dysfunction in child psychiatric disorders...

..The more severe injuries impact both. DTI provides an objective means for determining the relationship of cognitive deficits to TBI, even in cases where the injury was sustained years prior to the evaluation...

..Relatively static and generalized neuropsychological dysfunction, evident from illness onset, is consistent with neurodevelopmental rather than neurodegenerative models of schizophrenia...

..Investigation of the degree to which neuropsychological deficits might contribute to those academic problems is needed to aid in the recognition and intervention for school achievement difficulties in PBD...

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..To characterize oculomotor function using visually guided saccade and antisaccade (AS) tasks in chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) and assess the relationship to neuropsychologic testing...

..There is under-recognition or misdiagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder with psychotic features. It is of major public health importance to recognize psychosis in bipolar disorder...

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..The authors evaluated emotion perception in acutely ill patients experiencing a first episode of schizophrenia. They also investigated the effects of antipsychotic medication on emotion perception...

..However, the extent to which these deficits represent state- and trait-related factors is unclear. We investigated facial affect processing in acutely ill and clinically stabilized children with PBD and matched healthy subjects...

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..The goal of this study was to characterize the nature of verbal memory impairments in antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenic patients early in the course of illness...

..We also propose a model for brain-behavior maturation that allows for the qualitative changes in cognitive processes that occur during adolescence...

..No areas of change were found in controls. The results of this exploratory investigation support the possibility that risperidone has short-term effects on brain parenchyma in individuals with first-episode psychosis...

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..These findings suggest that signals from cortical attentional systems may suppress inappropriate saccades that would divert the eyes from objects of interest during conditions imposing high task demands on the visual system...

..Given a combination of brain images, the researcher needs to interpret the result and decide on areas of activation; the question of thresholding is critical here and is also explored...

..Reduction in positive symptoms was not associated with change in cognitive abilities. These findings suggest a linkage between early, treatment-induced improvements in negative symptoms and reductions in distinct cognitive deficits...

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..Customarily, frontal neuropsychological tasks also relate more strongly to CogPer than to RepMot. Approximately one-half of the variability in these cognitive and neurological assessments is shared...

..The authors sought to compare the effects of olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone on neurocognitive function in patients with early psychosis...

..These data highlight how a distributed neural architecture supports the evaluation of stimuli and response choices...

..We examined the prevalence and correlates of psychopathology in an ongoing study of offspring genetically at risk for schizophrenia...

..These results suggest that the maturation of adult-level cognition involves a combination of increasing localization within necessary regions and their integration with performance-enhancing regions...

..We propose that schizotypy may define a hyper vulnerable sub-sample among individuals genetically predisposed to schizophrenia and that future studies that attempt to assess risk may benefit from such a convergent approach...

..Collectively, such data may help us to predict the eventual emergence of schizophrenia, and schizophrenia spectrum or non-spectrum psychopathology...

..These findings suggest an important relationship between treatment efficacy of antipsychotic medication and the longer term course of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia...

..Although pursuit eye tracking deficits have been widely reported in schizophrenia, the integrity of discrete components of pursuit responses and the effect of second-generation antipsychotic medication on them are not well established...

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..CC maturational changes appeared synchronous across sub-regions suggesting parallel maturation of diverse brain regions during childhood and adolescence...

..The findings dovetail well with results from existing neurophysiological studies and shed further light on the spatial representations mediated by the human parietal cortex...

..These findings localize distinct pursuit and saccadic subregions of FEF in humans and demonstrate a high degree of homology in the organization of these FEF subregions in the human and the macaque monkey...

..The data indicated maturational disturbances in establishing lateral preference rather than increased rates of left handedness. Atypical establishment of cerebral dominance may be one cause of disordered language development in autism...

..Findings will also clarify the diagnostic specificity of regional brain disturbances causing these abnormalities, and the impact of known effective treatments upon them. ..

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