Research Topics
Species | J M SonnerSummaryAffiliation: University of California Country: USA Publications
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Publications
Anesthetic properties of the ketone bodies beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoneLiya Yang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 105:673-9. 2007..We tested the hypothesis that two metabolites that are elevated in ketosis (beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone) modulate ion channels in a manner similar to anesthetics and produce anesthesia in animals...
Molecular mechanisms of drug action: an emerging viewJames M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 0464 email
Annu Rev Biophys 42:143-67. 2013..Neuronal membranes may offer an appealing drug target, given the large number of compounds that adsorb to interfaces and hence membranes...- GABA(A) receptor blockade antagonizes the immobilizing action of propofol but not ketamine or isoflurane in a dose-related mannerJames M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 96:706-12, table of contents. 2003..These results are consistent with a role for gamma-amino-n-butyric acid subtype A receptors in mediating propofol anesthesia but not ketamine or isoflurane anesthesia... - Administration of epinephrine does not increase learning of fear to tone in rats anesthetized with isoflurane or desfluraneJames M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care S 455, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 100:1333-7, table of contents. 2005..36 +/- 0.04 MAC in rats injected with 0.1 mg/kg of epinephrine i.p. We conclude that exogenous epinephrine does not decrease amnesia produced by inhaled isoflurane or desflurane, as assessed by fear conditioning to a tone in rats... - Effect of isoflurane and other potent inhaled anesthetics on minimum alveolar concentration, learning, and the righting reflex in mice engineered to express alpha1 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors unresponsive to isofluraneJames M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesthesiology 106:107-13. 2007..To test this, the authors created gene knock-in mice harboring mutations that render the receptors insensitive to isoflurane while preserving sensitivity to halothane... - Inhaled anesthetics and immobility: mechanisms, mysteries, and minimum alveolar anesthetic concentrationJames M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Anesth Analg 97:718-40. 2003..g., gamma-aminobutyric acid A, acetylcholine, potassium, 5-hydroxytryptamine-3, opioids, and alpha(2)-adrenergic), whereas other receptors/channels (e.g., glycine, N-methyl-D-aspartate, and sodium) remain credible candidates... - The effect of three inhaled anesthetics in mice harboring mutations in the GluR6 (kainate) receptor geneJames M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 101:143-8, table of contents. 2005..The mutations of GluR6 that were studied did not affect the capacity of isoflurane to interfere with fear conditioning... - Issues in the design and interpretation of minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) studiesJames M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Room S 455i, Box 0464, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 95:609-14, table of contents. 2002..An expression relating variability in terms of Hill coefficients and SD is presented. Evolutionary implications of low population variability in anesthetic phenotypes is discussed... 
A hypothesis on the origin and evolution of the response to inhaled anestheticsJames M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 107:849-54. 2008..The latter included metabolites that are increased in some types of end-stage organ failure, and genetic metabolic diseases. Several of these predictions have been tested and proved to be correct...- Naturally occurring variability in anesthetic potency among inbred mouse strainsJ M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 91:720-6. 2000..IMPLICATIONS: Laboratory mouse strains differ significantly in susceptibility to anesthetics. These phenotypic differences may be exploited to help determine the genetic basis of anesthetic-induced immobility... - Mouse strain modestly influences minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration and convulsivity of inhaled compoundsJ M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 89:1030-4. 1999.... - Beta3-containing gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors are not major targets for the amnesic and immobilizing actions of isofluraneMark Liao
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0464, USA
Anesth Analg 101:412-8, table of contents. 2005.... - Spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors may contribute to the immobilizing action of isofluraneCaroline Stabernack
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
Anesth Analg 96:102-7, table of contents. 2003..Blockade of NMDA receptors in the cord by MK 801 has a MAC-sparing effect, but MK 801 does not, by itself, produce complete anesthesia... - Neither GABA(A) nor strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors are the sole mediators of MAC for isofluraneY Zhang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0464, USA
Anesth Analg 92:123-7. 2001..They are not, however, the only receptors that contribute to isoflurane-induced immobility (i.e., that determine the MAC of isoflurane)... - Blockade of acetylcholine receptors does not change the dose of etomidate required to produce immobility in ratsYi Zhang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 104:850-2. 2007..Sub-MAC concentrations of isoflurane alone profoundly block acetylcholine receptors, allowing for the possibility that atropine and mecamylamine have no effect because the receptors already are blocked... - Ethanol concentrations approaching minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration are required to suppress learning in a fear-potentiated startle paradigm in ratsJ M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco, 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 87:1398-403. 1998..IMPLICATIONS: Abolition of learning and memory is an important property of inhaled anesthetics. This effect primarily results from an action at a lipid (nonpolar) site, rather than a polar site or a water-lipid interface... - Glycine receptors mediate part of the immobility produced by inhaled anestheticsYi Zhang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
Anesth Analg 96:97-101, table of contents. 2003..Such results support the notion that glycine receptors may mediate part of the immobility produced by inhaled anesthetics... - Gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors do not mediate the immobility produced by isofluraneYi Zhang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0464, USA
Anesth Analg 99:85-90. 2004..This supports the view that GABAA receptors do not mediate immobilization for isoflurane... - The concentration of isoflurane required to suppress learning depends on the type of learningR C Dutton
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, 94143 0464, USA
Anesthesiology 94:514-9. 2001..To determine whether these types of learning were differentially affected by anesthesia, the authors applied isoflurane during the training phases of fear conditioning paradigms for freezing to context and freezing to tone... - Thiopental produces immobility primarily by supraspinal actions in ratsCaroline Stabernack
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, S-455, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0464, USA
Anesth Analg 100:128-36. 2005..We conclude that, unlike inhaled anesthetics, the immobilizing action of thiopental is largely supraspinal. Centers in the brain other than those near the third and fourth ventricles produce the greatest effect... - Alterations in spinal, but not cerebral, cerebrospinal fluid Na+ concentrations affect the isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in ratsMichael J Laster
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 105:661-5. 2007..Accordingly, in the present study, we examined the effect of altering intrathecal versus intracerebroventricular concentrations of Na+ on MAC... - Desflurane and the nonimmobilizer 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane suppress learning by a mechanism independent of the level of unconditioned stimulationJ M Sonner
Department of Anesthesia, University of California San Francisco 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 87:200-5. 1998..Using an animal model, we refuted the hypothesis that lack of recall results from the analgesia (i.e., the reduced response to painful stimuli produced by inhaled drugs) rather than from a direct effect on learning... - Inhaled anesthetics do not combine to produce synergistic effects regarding minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration in ratsEdmond I Eger
Department of Anesthesia, S 455, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 107:479-85. 2008.... - Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor alpha 4 subunit knockout mice are resistant to the amnestic effect of isofluraneVinuta Rau
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 109:1816-22. 2009..GABA(A)-Rs containing the alpha4 subunit are highly concentrated in the hippocampus and thalamus, and when combined with delta subunits they mediate tonic inhibition, which is sensitive to low concentrations of isoflurane... - Knockout of the gene encoding the K(2P) channel KCNK7 does not alter volatile anesthetic sensitivityC Spencer Yost
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Medical Sciences Building, 513 Parnassus Avenue, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Behav Brain Res 193:192-6. 2008..Additional studies with transgenic animals will help define the overall role of the K(2P) channels in normal neurophysiology and in volatile anesthetic mechanisms... - Contrasting roles of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in the production of immobilization by conventional and aromatic anestheticsEdmond I Eger
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 102:1397-406. 2006..We conclude that some aromatic anesthetics may produce immobility in the face of noxious stimulation by blocking the action of glutamate on NMDA receptors but that conventional inhaled anesthetics do not... - The anesthetic-like effects of diverse compounds on wild-type and mutant gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and glycine receptorsLiya Yang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, Room S 455i, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 106:838-45, table of contents. 2008.... - Anaesthesia defined (gentlemen, this is no humbug)Edmond I Eger
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 20:23-9. 2006..These and myriad other changes produced by inhaled anaesthetics are side effects; they do not define anaesthesia; only immobility and amnesia supply such a definition... - Chirality in anesthesia II: stereoselective modulation of ion channel function by secondary alcohol enantiomersRobert Brosnan
Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
Anesth Analg 103:86-91, table of contents. 2006..We recommend that enantioselectivity not be used as a test of relevance for inhaled anesthetic targets... - Anesthetic sensitivity of the Gloeobacter violaceus proton-gated ion channelYun Weng
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 110:59-63. 2010..Ethanol and nitrous oxide did not modulate GLIC at surgical anesthetic concentrations. These investigations lay the groundwork for further structural and functional studies of anesthetic actions on GLIC... - Is a new paradigm needed to explain how inhaled anesthetics produce immobility?Edmond I Eger
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 107:832-48. 2008..A few plausible targets (e.g., sodium channels) merit further study, but there remains the possibility that immobilization results from a nonspecific mechanism... - Temporal summation governs part of the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane anesthesiaRobert C Dutton
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesthesiology 98:1372-7. 2003..General anesthesia may delay the onset of movement in response to noxious stimulation. The authors hypothesized that the production of immobility could involve depression of time-related processes involved in the generation of movement... - Alpha 1 subunit-containing GABA type A receptors in forebrain contribute to the effect of inhaled anesthetics on conditioned fearJames M Sonner
Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Mol Pharmacol 68:61-8. 2005..These results indicate that alpha1-containing GABA(A)-Rs in the hippocampus, amygdala, and/or cortex influence the amnestic effects of inhaled anesthetics and may be an important molecular target of the drug isoflurane... - Alpha-2 adrenoreceptors probably do not mediate the immobility produced by inhaled anestheticsEdmond I Eger
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 96:1661-4, table of contents. 2003..Thus, augmentation of the effect of alpha-2 adrenoreceptors is not an appreciable part of the mechanism whereby inhaled anesthetics produce immobility... - Isoflurane antagonizes the capacity of flurothyl or 1,2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane to impair fear conditioning to context and toneEdmond I Eger
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464
Anesth Analg 96:1010-8, table of contents. 2003..IMPLICATIONS: Conventional inhaled anesthetics and nonimmobilizers are antagonistic in their effects on learning and memory, and this finding suggests that they impair learning and memory, at least in part, by different mechanisms... - Isoflurane causes anterograde but not retrograde amnesia for pavlovian fear conditioningRobert C Dutton
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesthesiology 96:1223-9. 2002..Such disruption would allow suppression of memory of previous untoward events. The authors examined whether isoflurane provides retrograde amnesia for classic (Pavlovian) fear conditioning... - Short-term memory resists the depressant effect of the nonimmobilizer 1-2-dichlorohexafluorocyclobutane (2N) more than long-term memoryRobert C Dutton
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 94:631-9; table of contents. 2002.... - Blockade of 5-HT2A receptors may mediate or modulate part of the immobility produced by inhaled anestheticsYi Zhang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
Anesth Analg 97:475-9, table of contents. 2003..IMPLICATIONS: A subset of serotonin receptors, 5HT2A receptors, may mediate or modulate a minor portion of the immobility produced by inhaled anesthetics... - Acetylcholine receptors do not mediate the immobilization produced by inhaled anestheticsEdmond I Eger
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 94:1500-4, table of contents. 2002..Thus, acetylcholine receptors do not seem to play a major role as mediators of the immobilization produced by inhaled anesthetics. Their capacity to mediate other effects of inhaled anesthetics (e.g., amnesia) remains to be tested... - Women appear to have the same minimum alveolar concentration as men: a retrospective studyEdmond I Eger
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
Anesthesiology 99:1059-61. 2003..The authors assessed whether this finding applied to other/all anesthetics... - Do dopamine receptors mediate part of MAC?Yasumasa Tanifuji
Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 103:1177-81. 2006..Such findings suggest that dopamine receptors might mediate part of the capacity of inhaled anesthetics to provide immobility in the face of noxious stimulation... - Anesthetic-like modulation of receptor function by surfactants: a test of the interfacial theory of anesthesiaLiya Yang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 107:868-74. 2008.... - Do N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors mediate the capacity of inhaled anesthetics to suppress the temporal summation that contributes to minimum alveolar concentration?Robert C Dutton
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 102:1412-8. 2006..NMDA receptor blockade may contribute to the MAC produced by inhaled anesthetics that potently inhibit NMDA receptors in vitro but not those that have a limited in vitro effect... - Hypothesis: volatile anesthetics produce immobility by acting on two sites approximately five carbon atoms apartE I Eger
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 88:1395-400. 1999..IMPLICATIONS: Volatile anesthetics may produce immobility by a concurrent action on two sites five carbon atom lengths apart... - Mice with a melanocortin 1 receptor mutation have a slightly greater minimum alveolar concentration than control miceYilei Xing
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0464, USA
Anesthesiology 101:544-6. 2004 - Isovaleric, methylmalonic, and propionic acid decrease anesthetic EC50 in tadpoles, modulate glycine receptor function, and interact with the lipid 1,2-dipalmitoyl-Sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineYun Weng
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 108:1538-45. 2009..Third, that these compounds would affect physical properties of lipids... - Naloxone does not increase the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of sevoflurane in miceMark Liao
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0464, USA
Anesth Analg 102:1452-5. 2006..1% and 5.5% +/- 10.0% with the administration of 0.1 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg of naloxone. We do not find that naloxone increases MAC. Opioid receptors do not underlie a portion of the capacity of inhaled anesthetics to produce immobility... - Mouse chromosome 7 harbors a quantitative trait locus for isoflurane minimum alveolar concentrationMichael Cascio
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 105:381-5. 2007..The location on the genome of genes or other genetic elements controlling quantiative traits is called quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In this study we sought to detect a quantitative trait locus underlying isoflurane MAC in mice... - R (+) etomidate and the photoactivable R (+) azietomidate have comparable anesthetic activity in wild-type mice and comparably decreased activity in mice with a N265M point mutation in the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor beta3 subunitMark Liao
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, S-455, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0464, USA
Anesth Analg 101:131-5, table of contents. 2005..6 +/- 1.5 min and 7.2 +/- 1.8 min, respectively), emphasizing the contribution of this residue as a determinant of a behavioral response of azietomidate in mice... - Chirality in anesthesia I: minimum alveolar concentration of secondary alcohol enantiomersAlbert Won
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, S-455, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0464, USA
Anesth Analg 103:81-4, table of contents. 2006..No stereoselectivity was observed for 2-hexanol and 2-heptanol. These findings may permit studies of chirality in anesthesia, particularly in in vitro systems where metabolism does not occur, using inexpensive volatile compounds... - Anesthetic properties of carbon dioxide in the ratRobert J Brosnan
Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Anesth Analg 105:103-6. 2007..Carbon dioxide decreases halothane minimum alveolar concentrations (MAC) in dogs when Paco(2) exceeds 95 mm Hg. We sought to confirm these findings for several potent inhaled anesthetics in rats... - The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate modulates gamma-aminobutyric acid type A and glycine receptor functionLiya Yang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 105:393-6. 2007.... - Hypothermia decreases ethanol MAC in ratsAlbert Won
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, S-455, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0464, USA
J Anesth 20:247-50. 2006..Although this decrease is not large, it may be important for comparative estimates of the in vitro effects of ethanol at different temperatures... - The minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of 2-, 3-, and 4-alcohols and ketones in rats: relevance to anesthetic mechanismsAlbert Won
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0464, USA
Anesth Analg 102:1419-26. 2006..The oil/gas partition coefficient predicted potency as well as, or better than, either chain length or oxygen placement. Hydrophilicity, as indicated by the saline/gas partition coefficient, also seemed to influence potency... - Lidocaine, MK-801, and MACYi Zhang
Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 104:1098-102, tables of contents. 2007..We postulated that the net effect of lidocaine and MK-801 on MAC would be the same, albeit by affecting NMDA neurotransmission at different points... - Ammonia has anesthetic propertiesRobert J Brosnan
Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Calif 94143 0464, USA
Anesth Analg 104:1430-3, table of contents. 2007..Because in pathophysiologic concentrations, ammonia reversibly impairs memory, consciousness, and responsiveness to noxious stimuli in a manner similar to anesthetics, we investigated whether ammonia had anesthetic properties... - Anesthetic-like modulation of a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, strychnine-sensitive glycine, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by coreleased neurotransmittersPavle S Milutinovic
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Anesth Analg 105:386-92. 2007..A mechanism of anesthesia has recently been proposed which predicts that coreleased neurotransmitters may modulate neurotransmitter receptors for which they are not the native agonist in a manner similar to anesthetics... - Isoflurane hyperalgesia is modulated by nicotinic inhibitionPamela Flood
Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
Anesthesiology 97:192-8. 2002..Because nicotinic agonists act as analgesics, the authors hypothesized that inhibition of nicotinic transmission by isoflurane causes hyperalgesia... - Determination of the EC50 amnesic concentration of etomidate and its diffusion profile in brain tissue: implications for in vitro studiesClaudia Benkwitz
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53711, USA
Anesthesiology 106:114-23. 2007..However, the free aqueous concentration of etomidate that corresponds to amnesia in vivo and the diffusion profile of etomidate in brain slices are not known... - Acetylcholine receptors do not mediate isoflurane's actions on spinal cord in vitroShirley M E Wong
Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5117, USA
Anesth Analg 94:1495-9, table of contents. 2002..Cholinergic receptors thus may be eliminated as molecular targets in determining the anesthetic end-point of immobility in response to a noxious stimulus (minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration)... - Heteromeric nicotinic inhibition by isoflurane does not mediate MAC or loss of righting reflexPamela Flood
Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Anesthesiology 97:902-5. 2002..Despite clear evidence for nicotinic inhibition at relevant isoflurane concentrations, it is unclear what behavioral result ensues, if any... - The effect of meperidine on thermoregulation in mice: involvement of alpha2-adrenoceptorsAndrea Paris
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel Schwanenweg 21, D 24105 Kiel, Germany
Anesth Analg 100:102-6. 2005..6 degrees C; P <0.05). Meperidine did not decrease the maximum intensity of nonshivering thermogenesis. The results suggest a major role of alpha2-adrenoceptors in the inhibition of thermoregulation by meperidine in mice... - Is synergy the rule? A review of anesthetic interactions producing hypnosis and immobilityJan F A Hendrickx
Department of Anesthesia, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, Moorselbaan 164, 9300 Aalst, Belgium
Anesth Analg 107:494-506. 2008..We applied this reasoning in a review of published data on anesthetic drug interactions for the end-points of hypnosis and immobility... - Ethnicity can affect anesthetic requirementJames M Sonner
Anesthesiology 107:4-5. 2007
Research Grants
- Genes Underlying the Response to Inhaled AnestheticsJames Sonner; Fiscal Year: 2007....