J S Skyler

..Given this sequence of events, for which it is possible to envision intervention to interdict the process, it is not surprising that much research effort has been expended to identify individuals at risk of the disease...

..Interventions tested include nicotinamide, insulin injections, oral insulin, nasal insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and cyclosporine. Underway are secondary prevention studies with teplizumab and with abatacept...

..All immune intervention studies reported in this time frame were included. In addition, the author selected other relevant articles dealing with mechanisms, markers, triggers, and pathology of human type 1 diabetes...

..The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term (2-year) safety and efficacy of inhaled human insulin (Exubera [insulin human (rDNA origin)] inhalation powder) (EXU) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes...

..We investigated whether a basal/bolus insulin regimen involving rapid-acting, dry powder, inhaled insulin could provide glycemic control comparable with a basal/bolus subcutaneous regimen...

..This randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial tested whether oral insulin administration could delay or prevent type 1 diabetes in nondiabetic relatives at risk for diabetes...

..To assess pulmonary safety during discontinuation and readministration of inhaled human insulin (EXU; Exubera((R)) insulin human [rDNA origin]) Inhalation Powder) therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes...

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..Inhaled intrapulmonary delivery of insulin offers a potential new way to deliver meal-related insulin, eliminating the need for preprandial injections...

..These have tested nicotinamide, parenteral insulin, oral insulin, nasal insulin, and the elimination of cow's milk from infant feeding...

..With such medical management, appropriate intervention can occur to reduce the risk of blindness and renal failure and to lessen the burden from diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy...

..On an arbitrary gradient scale of 1 to 4 (with 1 being primitive and 4 being comprehensive), the US is only at stage 2 for diabetes care systems, indicating a pressing need for improvement in diabetes care...

..001); peak C-peptide levels were less predictive (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A decreased early C-peptide response to oral glucose and an increased later response occur at least 2 years before the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes...

..We assessed whether differing autoantibody screening criteria for type 1 diabetes (T1D) prevention trials result in different baseline metabolic profiles of those who screen positive...

..The accurate prediction of type 1 diabetes is essential for appropriately identifying prevention trial participants. Thus, we have developed a risk score for the prediction of type 1 diabetes...

..We examined metabolic changes in the period immediately after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and in the period leading up to its diagnosis in Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) participants...

..We studied the incidence of dysglycemia and its prediction of the development of type 1 diabetes in islet cell autoantibody (ICA)-positive individuals. In addition, we assessed whether dysglycemia was sustained...

..We characterized fluctuations between states of glycemia in progressors to type 1 diabetes and studied whether those fluctuations are related to the early C-peptide response to oral glucose...

..Despite findings that selenium supplementation may improve immune functioning, definitive evidence of its impact on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease severity is lacking...

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..The goal of this study was to utilize data from the Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1) to obtain a picture of the metabolic progression to type 1 diabetes over a period of approximately 2.5 years before its diagnosis...

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..On the other hand, beta-cell failure is progressive, and with long duration of diabetes, permanent insulin therapy may be necessary to achieve satisfactory glucose control...

..The development of therapies for addressing this important unmet clinical need will be facilitated by trials that are carefully designed with beta-cell function as determined by C-peptide measurement as the primary efficacy outcome...

..This article introduces the disease state of diabetes mellitus and provides a background of the impact of the disease on the population, its biology and pathophysiology, and the current treatment strategies for treating diabetes...

..The findings suggest predominant pathways through which subclinical metabolic processes may exert pathogenic impact on the heart and vasculature...

..These findings indicate that preclinical cardiovascular disease risk may involve pathophysiologic processes in which cardiac inotropic and vasodilatory functions are linked to specific aspects of insulin metabolic syndrome...

..The drugs that increase insulin sensitivity also tend to improve dyslipidemia or remain lipid neutral. In contrast, those drugs that tend to impair insulin sensitivity also tend to worsen dyslipidemia...

..In this Review we discuss risk-stratification techniques and how they are applied, other diagnostic criteria, and outcomes from diabetes-prevention trials...

..The purpose of this review study was to determine and categorize common causes of intermittent hyperglycemia and suggest potential measures to prevent and treat the identified causes...