D A Schoeller

..However there are few empirical data to support the assertion that low levels of energy expenditure in activity is a causal factor in the current obesity epidemic are very limited...

..To investigate the controversy regarding the means of adjusting the energy cost of physical activity measured by doubly labeled water for differences in body size...

....

..077). Night EE did not differ between calorie-restricted and C younger monkeys after adjusting for FFM and FM. In conclusion, CR did not alter the age-related decrease in EE with CR...

..To provide a framework for use of the doubly labelled water method to measure energy expenditure in order to validate dietary instruments for the assessment of energy...

..It is concluded that research and public health messages should not simply consider how interventions affect just energy expenditure or energy intake, but rather how they affect the balance or gap between energy intake and expenditure...

..week(-1); p = 0.8), or an effect of dosage (0.1 +/- 0.1 kg.g CLA(-1).day(-1); p = 0.3). We conclude that FFM does increase in humans during CLA treatment, but the onset of the increase is rapid and the total increase is small (<1%)...

..Using doubly labeled water, we found no evidence of increased energy expenditure among smokers, however, it should be noted that BMI differences in this cohort also did not differ by smoking status...

..Using this approach, we demonstrated that multifrequency BIA, using the Cole-Cole model to calculate the zero frequency and infinite frequency resistance, measures extracellular and intracellular water...

..This corresponds to an average of 80 min/d of moderate activity or 35 min/d of vigorous activity added to a sedentary lifestyle...

..The chromium reduction method was found to be a rapid, accurate and precise method for the analysis of urine specimens from doubly labeled water...

..Results generally support the Mayer hypothesis of a threshold of physical activity that protects against weight gain...

..This component of TEE deserves greater attention in future studies. These studies of thermogenesis have shown the importance of clinical research as part of a comprehensive approach to understanding the etiology of human obesity...

..Although research in humans has shown inconsistent results, most studies have been of insufficient duration or have utilized body composition methods that are less accurate than the currently accepted criterion...

..Further research is needed to identify underreporters and to determine how to account for this bias in studies of diet and health...

..Expressed per kilogram of body weight gain, the energy cost of weight gain was calculated to be 54.8 +/- 4.6 MJ/kg. Interestingly, weight regain time courses fell into three distinct patterns, possibly requiring varying countermeasures...

..Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a supplemental dietary fatty acid that decreases fat mass accretion in young animals...

....

..Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a family of positional and geometric isomers with 2 conjugated double bonds formed from linoleic acid and linolenic acid. CLA has a wide range of biological effects, including body fat reduction...

..CONCLUSIONS: These data illustrate that exercise has the ability to alter the trafficking of dietary fat. Furthermore, the effect of exercise is dependent on the type of fatty acid...

....

..CONCLUSIONS: Use of preweighed DLW dosages did not compromise the precision of the DLW method. The DLW method is a reliable measure of energy expenditure for large-scale evaluations of dietary intake instruments...

..delta18O were 6 and 7, respectively. Modeling indicated that 2H and 18O doses yielding a 6:1 ratio of final enrichments should minimize this error introduced to the doubly labeled water method...

..In addition, the deuterium label has a decreased potential for isotopic exchange compared to (13)C or (14)C, so a recovery correction factor is probably not required...

..Increases in energy substrate oxidation occur at different rates after an increase in either fat or carbohydrate intake. Adaptations to increased fat intake are relatively slow and are influenced by activity level...

..Use of diet weight is a reasonable estimate of the level of CR when food waste is assessed...

..Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to be an effective supplement for reducing fat mass in animals, whereas results in humans have been inconsistent...

..In 1998, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) adopted a rule requiring that skinfolds (SF) or hydrostatic weighing (HW) be used to estimate minimum weight (MW) in college wrestlers...

..Controlled feeding studies and measures of short-term resting energy expenditure (REE) have suggested that the type of dietary fat may alter energy expenditure (EE)...

..The rule requires assessment of body composition before the competitive season to minimize unhealthy weight-loss practices. Leg-to-leg bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been suggested for use with wrestlers...

..While the preclinical development of type 2 diabetes is partly explained by obesity and central adiposity, psychosocial research has shown that chronic stressors such as discrimination have health consequences as well...

..Consequently, leptin levels in obese males do not respond to changes in energy intake in a manner that would protect against weight gain...

..The TrueOne and Vmax systems were the most valid instruments in comparison with the DTC for both RMR and RER assessment. Further testing is needed to identify an instrument with the reliability and validity of the DTC...

..Although wasting is a general sign of energy imbalance, the relative contribution of increased energy demands and decreased energy intake remains incompletely understood...

..Short sleep is associated with obesity and may alter the endocrine regulation of hunger and appetite...

..The rule was implemented to minimize unhealthy weight loss practices and requires assessment of body composition before the competitive season...

..Knowledge of energy requirements among relatively healthy elderly is limited...

..Further research, however, is needed to determine whether BIS can accurately access separate changes in intracellular and extracellular volume...

..We review the factors that have been identified from the literature as being conditions requiring standardization both for healthy subjects and for those in a medical setting...

..The present review aims to enumerate exenatide-instigated weight loss, summarize the known mechanisms of exenatide-induced weight loss, and elaborate on its possible application in the pharmacotherapy of obesity...

..The observed insulin sensitivity indexes from all models, elevated among R vs. C monkeys, may be explained, at least in part, by the difference in body fat content between these groups after chronic DR...

..It is recommended, when blood sampling is impossible, to adopt the intercept method with urine sampling 24 h postdose...

..Recommendations for physical activity for the purposes of weight control may be specific for dietary fat composition...

..Thus, this information could be presented to individuals along with other more well publicized health risks and consequences during weight control counseling...

..The estimated reference range for %BF was 9%-23% in male and 8%-18% in female monkeys, corresponding to body mass indices of 32-44 kg/m(2) for male and 27-35 kg/m(2) for female monkeys...

..Given that some wrestlers arrive for minimum weight (MW) testing in a dehydrated condition, it is important to understand the effects of dehydration on MW assessment methods...

..The natural delta(13)C abundance of postprandial plasma glucose relative to dietary C(4) CHO content was a valid biomarker for contributions of C(4) caloric sweeteners from the previous meal...

..Stable isotopes provide a window into human metabolism that is particularly valuable to the quantitative study of human nutrition...

..96x + 0; P <0.0001) when used to measure fatty acid oxidation during exercise. Thus, d31-palmitate can be used in outpatient settings as it eliminates the need for acetate correction and frequent sampling...

..Stable isotopes provide a window into human metabolism that is particularly valuable to the quantitative study of human nutrition...

..Because dehydration (DEH) violates assumptions used in the assessment of body composition, hydration testing has become an integral part of minimal weight (MW) assessment...

..This finding is particularly important because the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is using the QDR 4500A to assess body composition in a nationally representative sample of persons in the United States...

..Body composition data are presented by gender and age group. BIA was validated for use among Nigerian children and adults and provides a potentially important tool for research...

..Results suggest that the interpretation of findings from FFQ-based epidemiologic studies of diet-disease associations needs to be reevaluated...

..There was little underreporting of the percentage of energy from protein for men or women. These findings have important implications for nutritional epidemiology and dietary surveillance...

..The prevalence of obesity is higher among populations in industrialized than in developing countries...

..These findings suggest that the current calibration of the fan-beam system of the Hologic QDR 4500A provides an overestimate of FFM and underestimate of FM compared with reference methods...

..These relationships may be altered by increases in percent total body fat (% TBF), and this paper examines relationships between % TBF and total energy expenditure (TEE) obtained using the standard and a proposed calculation...

..BIS may have potential for measuring nutritional status during spaceflight, but its limitations in precision and insensitivity to acute ICW changes warrant further validation studies...

..Little information is available on the assessment of changes in body composition as a function of weight change with the use of the fan beam of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)...

..The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary calcium or dairy product intake on total energy expenditure (TEE), fat oxidation, and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) during a weight loss trial...

....

..51, P < 0.001). We conclude that neither densitometer is equivalent to DD for estimation of children's FM. The QDR-4500A's current calibration seems to provide an even greater underestimate of FM than the QDR-2000...

..The committee that developed the 2002 Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) estimated energy requirements (EER) noted that DLW studies in adults aged 40 to 60 y were limited...

..Exercise is associated with mortality benefits but simply expending energy through any activity in an individual's free-living environment may confer survival advantages...

....

..We use data from the Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) study to compare the performance of a FFQ with that of a 24-hour recall (24HR)...

..Although reduced physical activity has been implicated, few studies have accurately quantified energy expenditure in subsistence populations...

..Our objective was to determine the ability of leg-to-leg BIA vs. the four-compartment (4C) model to detect small changes in %FM in overweight adults...

..These results demonstrate that water turnover is highly variable among individuals and that little of the variance is explained by anthropometric parameters...

..These data indicate that an average dARF can be applied for longitudinal and cross-sectional studies investigating dietary lipid metabolism...

..The elevated rates of isotopic elimination indicate an arduous working environment that may often compromise energy balance and overall hydration...

..Enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity among R monkeys was strongly correlated with lower Ø(b)...

....

..These studies will provide important guidelines for the prescription of exercise for the prevention and treatment of obesity. ..

..In addition, this new instrument will provide new capacity in the form of the solids combustion inlet. This expands our potential users group in the area of development of dietary biomarkers. ..

..These studies will provide important guidelines for the prescription of exercise for the prevention and treatment of obesity. ..