Research Topics
| M M ScheinmanSummaryAffiliation: University of California Country: USA Publications
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Publications
Clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics of left septal atrial tachycardiaNassir F Marrouche
Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1133-9. 2002..There was no consistent P-wave morphology associated with this particular type of AT. This arrhythmia appears to be resistant to adenosine and moderately responsive to calcium antagonists...- Ambulatory electrocardiographic evidence of transmural dispersion of repolarization in patients with long-QT syndrome type 1 and 2Matti Viitasalo
Department of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Circulation 106:2473-8. 2002..The interval from T-wave peak to T-wave end (TPE interval) is the clinical counterpart of TDR. We explored the relationship of TPE interval to heart rate and to the presence of symptoms in patients with LQT1 and LQT2... - Use of ibutilide in cardioversion of patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter treated with class IC agentsRichard H Hongo
University of California, San Francisco 94143-1354, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 44:864-8. 2004..CONCLUSIONS: Our observations suggest that the use of ibutilide in patients receiving class IC agents is as successful in restoring sinus rhythm and has a similar incidence of adverse effects as the use of ibutilide alone... - History of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndromeMelvin M Scheinman
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 1354, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 28:152-6. 2005..first described the gene responsible for a familial form of WPW. The current ability to cure patients with WPW is due to the splendid contributions of individuals from diverse disciplines from throughout the world... - Ratio of late to early T-wave peak amplitude in 24-h electrocardiographic recordings as indicator of symptom history in patients with long-QT Syndrome types 1 and 2Matti Viitasalo
Department of Cardiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
J Am Coll Cardiol 47:112-20. 2006..3 +/- 0.8; p < 0.001) and in LQT2 patients (2.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.5; p < 0.001). The maximal amplitude ratio between late and early T-wave peaks was independently associated with symptom history in both LQT1 and LQT2 patients... - Role of the His-Purkinje system in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmiaMelvin M Scheinman
Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Heart Rhythm 6:1050-8. 2009..A rich variety of cardiac arrhythmias appears to involve the ventricular specialized conduction system and may be amenable to ablative therapy... - The year in clinical cardiac electrophysiologyMelvin M Scheinman
Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 49:2061-9. 2007 - The year in review of clinical cardiac electrophysiologyMelvin M Scheinman
Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 51:2075-81. 2008 - The year in clinical electrophysiologyMelvin M Scheinman
Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 45:790-5. 2005 - Atrial flutter: historical notes--part 1Melvin M Scheinman
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco 94143-1354, California, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 27:379-81. 2004 - Exercise-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with no structural cardiac diseaseMelvin M Scheinman
Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
Annu Rev Med 57:473-84. 2006..Most of these patients will respond to beta-blocker therapy but a significant minority (30%) will require a defibrillator. Advances in genetic testing allow better understanding of this syndrome... - The history of AV nodal reentryMelvin M Scheinman
University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 1354, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 28:1232-7. 2005..Cure of AV nodal reentry which is the most common cause of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia became possible through the cooperative efforts of anatomists, physiologists, surgeons, and clinical electrophysiologists... - NASPE Plenary Lecture 2001. Catheter ablation: a personal perspectiveM M Scheinman
Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 12:1083-8. 2001..quot;AV nodal reentrant tachycardia" may involve a nodofascicular tract. A new classification of atrial flutter is proposed and various causes of atrial fibrillation are discussed... - Atrial flutter: Part II NomenclatureMelvin M Scheinman
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1354, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 27:504-6. 2004 - Reflections on the first catheter ablation of the atrioventricular junctionMelvin A Scheinman
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-1354, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 26:2315-6. 2003 - The year in clinical electrophysiologyMelvin M Scheinman
Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1207-13. 2006 - Body surface mapping of counterclockwise and clockwise typical atrial flutter: a comparative analysis with endocardial activation sequence mappingA SippensGroenewegen
Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94143 1354, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 35:1276-87. 2000..This study was directed at developing spatial 62-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) criteria for classification of counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) typical atrial flutter (Fl) in patients with and without structural heart disease... - Electrophysiological effects of ibutilide in patients with accessory pathwaysK A Glatter
Cardiovascular Research Institute and Section of Adult and Pediatric Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Circulation 104:1933-9. 2001..CONCLUSIONS: We report the use of ibutilide in terminating AP-mediated AF, including the first report in the pediatric population. Ibutilide prolonged refractoriness of the atrioventricular node, His-Purkinje system, and AP... - Optimizing the detection of bidirectional block across the flutter isthmus for patients with typical isthmus-dependent atrial flutterIqwal Mangat
Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, 94143, USA
Am J Cardiol 91:559-64. 2003..5% in group A and 4.3% in group B (p = 0.043). Thus, assessment of BDB by placement of a multipolar catheter across the SI after ablation of typical Afl is associated with a significant reduction in long-term recurrence of Afl... - The scintigraphic characteristics of ventricular pre-excitation through Mahaim fibers with the use of phase analysisN Schechtmann
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143
J Am Coll Cardiol 13:882-91. 1989..Objective, yet imperfect phase measurements supported these differences. Such image findings may complement the often complex electrophysiologic evaluation of patients presenting with pre-excitation... - Catecholamine dependent accessory pathway automaticityZian H Tseng
Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 27:1005-7. 2004..This automatic rhythm was transient and dependent on catecholamine administration. One month after successful ablation, an exercise treadmill test (ETT) did not demonstrate any pre-excitation or ectopy... - Role of invasive electrophysiologic testing in the evaluation and management of adult patients with focal junctional tachycardiaMohamed H Hamdan
University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
Card Electrophysiol Rev 6:431-5. 2002..Others recommended mapping the perinodal region and applying radiofrequency ablation at the site where catheter manipulation resulted in tachycardia termination. Using this ablative approach, the risk of AV block is around 5-10%... - Biophysical characteristics of radiofrequency lesion formation in vivo: dynamics of catheter tip-tissue contact evaluated by intracardiac echocardiographyJ M Kalman
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143 1354, USA
Am Heart J 133:8-18. 1997..In addition, intracardiac echocardiography could be used prospectively to improve the percentage of good contact applications and increase the lesion size... - The 1998 NASPE prospective catheter ablation registryM M Scheinman
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 23:1020-8. 2000..In addition, we found no differences in incidence of success or complications comparing large volume centers (> 100 ablation/year) with lower volume centers or between teaching and non-teaching hospitals... - Atypical right atrial flutter patternsY Yang
Cardiovascular Research Institute and Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Circulation 103:3092-8. 2001..CONCLUSIONS: Atypical right AFL is most commonly associated with an isthmus-dependent mechanism (ie, LLR or subeustachian isthmus breaks). Non-isthmus-dependent circuits include upper loop reentry or scar-related circuits... - Etiologic considerations in the patient with syncope and an apparently normal heartNora Goldschlager
Cardiology Division, 1001 Potrero Ave, Room 5G1, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
Arch Intern Med 163:151-62. 2003 - Mechanism of conversion of atypical right atrial flutter to atrial fibrillationYanfei Yang
Cardiovascular Research Institute and Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-1354, USA
Am J Cardiol 91:46-52. 2003..Bidirectional cavotricuspid isthmus block is associated with cure or control of AF in approximately 50% of patients with AFL... - Test characteristics of neck fullness and witnessed neck pulsations in the diagnosis of typical AV nodal reentrant tachycardiaRahul Sakhuja
Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Clin Cardiol 32:E13-8. 2009..Claims in the medical literature suggest that neck fullness and witnessed neck pulsations are useful in the diagnosis of typical AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)... - Inefficacy and proarrhythmic effects of flecainide and encainide for sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillationJ M Herre
University of California, San Francisco
Ann Intern Med 113:671-6. 1990..To assess the efficacy of encainide and flecainide in treating patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias... - Narrow complex tachycardia with VA block: diagnostic and therapeutic implicationsM H Hamdan
University of Texas, Southwestern Dallas Veteran s Affairs Medical Center, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 21:1196-206. 1998..The presence of a nodofascicular pathway is common in patients with narrow complex tachycardia and VA block. Unlike AV nodal reentry and automatic junctional tachycardia, the response to ablation is poor... - Initiation of antidromic reciprocating tachycardia: what is the mechanism?Gregory M Marcus
Division of Cardiology, Section of Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
Heart Rhythm 3:865. 2006 - Threentry: what is the mechanism?Gregory M Marcus
Division of Cardiology, Section of Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, 94143, USA
Heart Rhythm 3:746-7. 2006 - Alcohol intake is significantly associated with atrial flutter in patients under 60 years of age and a shorter right atrial effective refractory periodGregory M Marcus
Division of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31:266-72. 2008..Although evidence suggests that alcohol is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF), the association between alcohol and atrial flutter (AFL) has not been examined. The mechanism connecting alcohol and atrial arrhythmias is unknown... - Donepezil-associated bradyarrhythmia in a patient with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)Michael H Rosenbloom
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco Memory and Aging Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 24:209-11. 2010..Owing to underlying autonomic dysfunction, patients with DLB may be at increased risk of bradyarrhythmia resulting from treatment with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors... - Protected circumferential conduction in the posterior atrioventricular vestibule of the left atrium: electrophysiologic and anatomic correlatesJie Cheng
Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-1354, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 28:692-701. 2005..The circumferential inferoposterior myocardial bundle may serve as the underlying anatomic substrate... - Reentry within the cavotricuspid isthmus: an isthmus dependent circuitYanfei Yang
Department of Medicine/Cardiac Electrophysiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 28:808-18. 2005..CONCLUSIONS: We describe a tachycardia circuit confined to the septal CTI/CS(OS) region, and hypothesize that this circuit involves slow conduction within the CTI and around the CS(OS), which acts as a central obstacle... - Markers of inflammation before and after curative ablation of atrial flutterGregory M Marcus
Division of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 1354, USA
Heart Rhythm 5:215-21. 2008..Atrial arrhythmias are associated with inflammation. The cause and effect of the association are unknown... - Electrophysiological response of the right atrium to ibutilide during typical atrial flutterJie Cheng
Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif 94143 1354, USA
Circulation 106:814-9. 2002..The efficacy of ibutilide in conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFL) has been demonstrated. However, its electrophysiological effects on human atria have not been fully studied... - Exercise-induced polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in adults without structural heart diseaseJustin Hong Jie Tan
School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Am J Cardiol 101:1142-6. 2008..In conclusion, these patients appear to respond well to beta-blocker or calcium channel blocker therapy with decreased ectopic complexity and an increased heart rate threshold for inducing VA... - Famotidine and long QT syndromeKen W Lee
Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Electrophysiology Section, University of California at San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Avenue, MU East 4, Box 1354, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Am J Cardiol 93:1325-7. 2004..However, the association of famotidine and acquired long QT syndrome has rarely been reported. We report 2 cases of famotidine-associated acquired long QT syndrome... - Effectiveness of sotalol treatment in symptomatic Brugada syndromeKathryn A Glatter
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Am J Cardiol 93:1320-2. 2004..Genetic testing revealed that he carried a Brugada syndrome sodium channel SCN5A mutation (4189delT). This finding suggests that sotalol may be of therapeutic benefit in such patients... - A first-degree family history in lone atrial fibrillation patientsGregory M Marcus
Division of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Heart Rhythm 5:826-30. 2008..A family history of AF in lone AF patients has not previously been compared with a family history of patients with AF and established risk factors (non-lone AF)... - Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy: a report from the North American ARVC RegistryGregory M Marcus
Division of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 1354, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 54:609-15. 2009..This study sought to examine the efficacy of empiric antiarrhythmic drugs in a rigorously characterized cohort of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) patients... - Surface electrocardiographic characteristics of right and left atrial flutterAndres Bochoeyer
Cardiovascular Research Institute and Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-1354, USA
Circulation 108:60-6. 2003..In contrast, a typical CW-CTI surface pattern was always seen in patients with upper-loop reentry, which was non-CTI dependent. LA AFL circuits had either flat or low-amplitude forces in the inferior leads... - Intracardiac and extracardiac markers of inflammation during atrial fibrillationGregory M Marcus
Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Heart Rhythm 7:149-54. 2010.... - Using the initial vector from surface electrocardiogram to distinguish the site of outflow tract tachycardiaYanfei Yang
Department of Medicine Cardiac Electrophysiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 1354, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 30:891-8. 2007..The purpose of this study is to determine whether initial vector force might best distinguish tachycardias arising from the right ventricular (RV) outflow tract (OT) versus aortic sinus cusps (ASCs)... - Characterization of a KCNQ1/KVLQT1 polymorphism in Asian families with LQT2: implications for genetic testingDipika Sharma
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis One Shields Avenue, TB 172 Davis, CA 95616, USA
J Mol Cell Cardiol 37:79-89. 2004..These findings underscore the importance of distinguishing channel polymorphisms from mutations pathogenic for LQTS and emphasize the importance of using appropriate ethnically matched controls in the genotypic analysis of LQTS... - Usefulness of a ventricular extrastimulus from the summit of the ventricular septum in diagnosis of septal accessory pathway in patients with supraventricular tachycardiaTakehiko Matsushita
Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
Am J Cardiol 93:643-6. 2004..05). A VES during His bundle refractoriness from the RV summit increases the diagnostic yield for both the presence of an AP and its participation in the tachycardia circuit with respect to RV apical VES... - Chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter with ibutilide in patients receiving amiodarone therapyK Glatter
Cardiovascular Research Institute and Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-1354, USA
Circulation 103:253-7. 2001..Despite QT-interval prolongation after ibutilide, only 1 episode of torsade de pointes occurred. Our observations suggest that combination therapy may be a useful cardioversion method for chronic atrial fibrillation or flutter... - Protracted CRP elevation after atrial fibrillation ablationJames M McCabe
Division of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 31:1146-51. 2008..We hypothesized that this early recurrence is due to an inflammatory response to the ablation itself. We therefore sought to evaluate levels of CRP after AF ablation... - Regional left atrial voltage in patients with atrial fibrillationGregory M Marcus
Division of Cardiology, Electrophysiology Section, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 1354, USA
Heart Rhythm 4:138-44. 2007..Regional differences in fibrosis, particularly related to the posterior wall and septum, may be important in atrial fibrillation (AF). Using electroanatomic mapping, voltage can be used as a measure of fibrosis... - Calcium-triggered short-coupled polymorphous ventricular tachycardiaDoreen DeFaria Yeh
Department of Medicine, Electrophysiology, University of California, Electrophysiology Service, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143 1354, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 33:117-22. 2010..The potential mechanisms for calcium triggering of these arrhythmias are discussed... - Define the mechanism of the tachycardia and explain the results of para-Hisian pacingTakehiko Matsushita
Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California-San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-1354, USA
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 15:504-5. 2004 - Site specificity of transverse crista terminalis conduction in patients with atrial flutterYanfei Yang
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 28:34-43. 2005..Pacing just outside the CS os helps distinguish pseudo from true isthmus block... - Significance of bundle branch block during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardiaTetsuo Yagi
Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California San Francisco, 94143-1354, USA
Am J Cardiol 91:1184-9. 2003..The data suggest that fibers in the His bundle are predestined to activate the right bundle branch, and in AVNRT the lower turnaround point may be within the His bundle... - Differentiation between LQT1 and LQT2 patients and unaffected subjects using 24-hour electrocardiographic recordingsMatti Viitasalo
Department of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
Am J Cardiol 89:679-85. 2002.... - The 12-lead electrocardiogram in supraventricular tachycardiaUday N Kumar
Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, 500 Parnassus Avenue, Box 1354, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
Cardiol Clin 24:427-37, ix. 2006..It concludes by providing a systematic algorithm for diagnosing SVT based on the findings of the 12-lead ECG... - Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia: Diagnosis and managementNitish Badhwar
University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Curr Probl Cardiol 32:7-43. 2007..This review describes the clinical features, ECG recognition, and management of idiopathic monomorphic VT... - Atrial tachycardia arising from the coronary sinus musculature: electrophysiological characteristics and long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablationNitish Badhwar
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1921-30. 2005..Long-term success without complications can be accomplished by ablating within the CS in close proximity to the CS (P)... - Atrial fibrillation therapy: rate versus rhythm controlMelvin M Scheinman
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 26:1175-7. 2003 - Supraventricular tachycardia--part IKen W Lee
Curr Probl Cardiol 33:467-546. 2008..This monograph provides an in-depth discussion of the history, presentation, mechanism, and treatment strategies of the most commonly encountered SVTs. The monograph is divided into two parts. The first part is presented here... - Atrial flutter: a review of its history, mechanisms, clinical features, and current therapyKen W Lee
Curr Probl Cardiol 30:121-67. 2005 - Lower loop reentry as a mechanism of clockwise right atrial flutterShulong Zhang
Texas Heart Institute St Luke s Episcopal Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
Circulation 109:1630-5. 2004..Right atrial flutter with positive flutter waves in the inferior ECG leads has been assumed to rotate as a single reentrant activation wave front around the TA, and the role of LLR in those patients is not known... - Method to predict isthmus location in ventricular tachycardia caused by reentry with a double-loop patternEdward J Ciaccio
Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16:528-36. 2005..Herein is described a method of sinus-rhythm electrogram shape analysis, that does not require arbitrary threshold values, for localization of double-loop reentrant circuits that drive clinical tachycardias... - Left septal atrial flutter: electrophysiology, anatomy, and results of ablationNassir F Marrouche
Section of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Circulation 109:2440-7. 2004..Radiofrequency ablation of this arrhythmia is usually effective and safe. A line of block between the septum primum and the mitral annulus proved to be effective for cure of tachycardia... - Electroanatomic analysis of sinus impulse propagation in normal human atriaMelvin M Scheinman
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 13:11-2. 2002 - Familial preexcitation and pseudo-preexcitation syndromesMelvin M Scheinman
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 17:733-4. 2006 - Localization and radiofrequency ablation of atriofascicular pathways using electroanatomic mappingHakan Paydak
Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
J Electrocardiol 36:105-10. 2003..At this site, each pathway was ablated with one radiofrequency lesion. We describe 2 cases where electroanatomic mapping of the right ventricle was used to map and ablate atriofascicular pathways... - J-point elevation in survivors of primary ventricular fibrillation and matched control subjects: incidence and clinical significanceRaphael Rosso
Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
J Am Coll Cardiol 52:1231-8. 2008..The purpose of this study was to determine whether J-point elevation is a marker of arrhythmic risk... - Echocardiographic findings and the search for a gold standard in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasiaMelvin M Scheinman
J Am Coll Cardiol 45:866-7. 2005 - Supraventricular tachycardia-Part II: History, presentation, mechanism, and treatmentKen W Lee
Curr Probl Cardiol 33:557-622. 2008..The remaining SVTs are covered in the second part, which is presented here... - Preventing atrial flutter by preventing inflammationGregory M Marcus
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 19:82-3. 2008
Research Grants
- Gene Targets of NKX 2.5 in the Conduction SystemMelvin Scheinman; Fiscal Year: 2004..MinK and HCN-1) in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias in the ventricular restricted knockout mouse model. This will be done by using in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to follow the pattern of expression of these ion channels. ..