J A Ross

..These data suggest that some participants in WIC make a concerted effort to quit smoking when they find out they are pregnant, and are generally truthful when reporting their smoking habits during pregnancy...

..We explored whether maternal medication use during pregnancy may be an important etiologic area for investigation in studies of infant leukemia...

..The new Childhood Cancer Research Network in the Children's Oncology Group, when fully implemented, should make it less difficult in the future to recruit the large numbers of patients needed for such studies...

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..Since estrogen receptors are expressed on certain hematopoietic cells, it is possible that HRT use may also increase the risk of leukemia...

..6). Given the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, the population attributable risk of AML due to obesity could approach 30%...

..Because children with Down syndrome (DS) experience a 20-fold higher risk of leukemia than the general population, the authors evaluated whether periconceptional vitamin supplementation reduced the risk of leukemia in children with DS...

..The objective of this study was to examine cancer incidence in this population, because it may indicate areas for targeted surveillance and intervention...

..However, given that our study focused on older women from a defined geographical area, analyses of prospective studies in other populations are needed to confirm or refute these results...

..Because there are many biological activities attributed to the flavonoids, some of which could be beneficial or detrimental depending on specific circumstances, further studies in both the laboratory and with populations are warranted...

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..This may indicate an important role for exogenous carcinogens in the etiology of childhood AML...

..93, 95% CI: 0.86-1.00). This study provides further support for a beneficial effect of flavonoid intake on lung cancer risk, especially among current and past smokers...

..Prenatal supplementation has been inversely associated with childhood, but not with infant, leukaemia...

..In contrast to the positive association found in three studies between maternal anaemia during pregnancy and childhood leukaemia, no such association was found in infant leukaemia (odds ratio 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.53-1.37)...

..This study examined the association between pre-conception and in utero maternal medical radiation exposure and Wilms tumor, using data from a large population-based case-control study...

..The authors compared frequencies of common genetic polymorphisms believed to influence risk of malignancy to determine whether frequencies in the Hmong are different from those in other Asian populations and in white Minnesotans...

..Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress are predictors of coronary heart disease risk; however, it is unknown whether these markers are related to dietary flavonoid and antioxidant intake in youth...

..48, 1.76). Recall of exposures, including maternal vitamin supplement use, however, may be difficult and subject to error. Epidemiologists are encouraged to quantitatively adjust for systematic error in study results, but often do not...

..This study offers support for the hypothesis that early-life infections may play a protective role in the aetiology of acute leukaemia in children with DS...

..There is mixed evidence for associations between reproductive history or infertility and acute leukemia among children without DS...

..Although these data provide modest support for a summer peak in the diagnosis of childhood ALL, any underlying biological mechanisms that account for these seasonal patterns are likely complex and in need of more definitive studies...

..Infant leukaemia is likely initiated in utero...

..Additionally, no relationship was found between exposure to an ill pet and childhood leukemia. CONCLUSION: The results of this analysis suggest that pet ownership (healthy or sick) is unrelated to an increased risk of childhood leukemia...

..5 (0.92-2.6); for weight, 1.9 (1.1-3.4); for waist circumference, 2.0 (1.1-3.5); and for hip circumference, 1.8 (1.0-3.0). CONCLUSION: Greater adiposity may increase the risk of multiple myeloma...

..These results should be interpreted cautiously given the modest number of studies, substantial heterogeneity, and potential exposure misclassification but are useful in designing future research...

..RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Germ cell tumours were significantly associated with cryptorchidism in males (OR=10.8, 95% CI: 2.1-55.1), but not with any other specific CA in either sex...

..There is recent evidence to suggest that extremely low birth weight is associated with the occurrence of hepatoblastoma...

..We hypothesized that maternal consumption of dietary DNAt2 inhibitors during pregnancy would increase the risk of infant leukemia, particularly AML(MLL+)...

..The authors of this report evaluated incidence and survival trends by RMS demographic subgroups to inform future etiologic hypotheses...

..However, several subsequent studies have suggested that long-term ERT could increase ovarian cancer risk...

..Other variables of interest were not notably associated with infant leukemia regardless of MLL status. This investigation further supports the contention that molecularly defined subtypes of infant leukemia have separate etiologies...

..These results suggest that DBS analysis may identify infants of women who smoke throughout pregnancy...

..These data, representing a larger series than any reported previously, suggest that GST genotype does not affect etiology or outcome of childhood ALL...

..These results suggest that birth registries may be used to select controls for studies of rare childhood diseases on a national scale...

..We examined whether maternal infections and health conditions during pregnancy were associated with acute leukemia in children with DS...

..S. overall and among demographic subgroups, including Asian/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics, for whom to the authors' knowledge trends have not been previously examined...

..Translocations present in neonatal blood spots and the young age peak of diagnosis suggest that early-life factors are involved in childhood leukemia etiology...

..This review will focus on these factors in the treatment of childhood ALL...

..0. This exploratory study suggests that household chemical exposure may play a role in the development of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children with Down's syndrome...

..46, 95% CI 0.22-0.96). These sex and cancer site specific associations should be confirmed in additional studies as they may provide clues to the etiology of pediatric GCT...

..To the authors' knowledge, few studies to date have evaluated trends in pediatric GCTs. Results from these analyses may provide clues to the etiology of GCTs...

..To evaluate the relationship between neonatal oxygen supplementation (O2) and childhood cancer in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP)...

..Because glutathione S-transferases may be involved in the metabolism of chemotherapy drugs, we hypothesized that presence or absence of the genes may influence the outcome of treatment for childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML)...

..The assay to screen environmental agents that inhibit DNA topo 2 has been established and new inhibitors are being identified routinely...

..Future research should include larger sample sizes as well as a full assessment of diet including vitamin supplementation to adequately examine the relation between nutritional status and childhood leukaemia...

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..These results extend those provided by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program in their detail and interpretation...

..3,317 g). Finally, participating BC mothers were likely to be older and to have more education than nonparticipants. Thus, the study's control groups were comparable but differed from the population of interest...

..Larger, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings...

..CONCLUSIONS: Although the current study confirmed some of the results noted in other populations, the observed overall decline in leukemia survival for blacks is surprising and warrants further investigation...

..8 (95% CI 0.7-4.6). In conclusion, we found no convincing evidence of an increased risk of childhood cancer in the offspring of RTs in association with parental occupational radiation exposure...

..All informative tumours demonstrated monoallelic expression of H19. In contrast, variable patterns of allele-specific expression of IGF-2 were seen in tumours from children of different ages...

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..23; 95% CI, 0.71-2.13; OR(ALL), 1.12; 95% CI, 0.60-2.09; OR(AML), 1.60; 95% CI, 0.66-3.86), suggesting congenital malformations do not confer additional risk of leukemia beyond the risk attributable to trisomy 21 in this population...

..Differences in survival and the molecular characteristics of leukemia in infants versus older children suggest a distinct etiology, likely involving prenatal factors...

..Parental infertility and infertility treatment have been studied with regard to childhood cancer in general, but rarely in individual cancer subtypes...

..33-4.26) to develop AML compared with women who lived in a city with a population of >10,000 people. These results provide evidence that women who live on farms or rural areas are at an increased risk of AML...

..63 to 0.78 across these end points). Allergy history, which may reflect enhanced immunosurveillance, is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer...

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..The absence of an association should be encouraging for concerned parents of children with Down syndrome who undergo a series of diagnostic radiographs in the course of their standard care...

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..Although preliminary, the notable differences observed in leukemia risk between aspirin and nonaspirin NSAID use warrant further investigation...

..Results for histologic subtypes were similar. Overall, fat, cholesterol and egg intakes were not associated with ovarian cancer risk. The positive association for saturated fat intake at very high intakes merits further investigation...

..These data, representing the only data in pediatric AML, suggest that XPD genotype does not affect the etiology or outcome of childhood AML...

..The decreased ORs observed in this study may be due to recall bias assuming plausibly low values of sensitivity...

..8, 95% CI 1.0-1.3) were associated with N-ras mutations. This study suggests that parental exposure to specific chemicals may be associated with distinct ras mutations in children who develop ALL...

..We investigated the association between breast-feeding and Wilms tumor, a childhood kidney tumor...

..Although many studies have investigated the association between anthropometry and ovarian cancer risk, results have been inconsistent...

..Previous epidemiologic studies have suggested that exposure to pesticides in utero and during early childhood may increase the risk for development of childhood cancer, including Wilms tumor, a childhood kidney tumor...

..However, because future case-control studies will at least partially rely on questionnaire data, improvements including probing questions, better interview techniques, and validation studies are indicated...

..4% per year (95% CI: -2.7, -2.0; p < 0.001). The current low response rates for RDD indicate a substantial potential for selection bias and a need to seek alternative sources of controls...

..These results suggest that consumption of the major carotenoids during adulthood does not play a major role in the incidence of ovarian cancer...

..Fewer black children than expected had an available family marrow donor...