C R Rinaldo

..The objective is to define a safe and effective strategy for enhancing control of HIV infection in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy...

..Engineering of DCs with various forms of viral immunogens and co-treatment with cytokines and chemokines is being used as an immunotherapy for HIV-1 and other viral infections...

..This study provided the first evidence that antibodies to poliovirus could prevent the disease in humans...

..Prolonged indinavir-zidovudine-lamivudine treatment has significant but incomplete enhancing effects on CD4 T cell reactivity, which could be important in host control of microbial and persistent HIV-1 infections...

..These results indicate that new strategies will be needed to target residual, immunocompetent HIV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells to enhance the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy in patients with advanced immunodeficiency...

..These findings have important implications for the biology of sexual transmission of HIV-1 and its potential reduction by antiretroviral therapy...

..CD8(+) T-cell responses to HHV-8 decreased by 2 to 3 years after primary infection. This antiviral T-cell response may control initial HHV-8 infection and prevent development of disease...

..Thus, DC from HIV-1-infected subjects can be engineered with CD40L or a poly(I:C)-cytokine combination for enhancing CD8(+) T cell responses to HIV-1, which has potential applications in HIV-1 immunotherapy...

..This conclusion supports the use of DCs loaded with synthetic peptides in immunotherapy of HIV-1 infection...

..Taken together, these results indicate that HIV-1 Vpr may in part be responsible for HIV-1 immune evasion by inhibiting the maturation of costimulatory molecules and cytokines essential for immune activation...

..DCs from these infected subjects have a normal capacity to stimulate CD4+ T cells. The functional effectiveness of DCs derived from HCV-infected individuals provides a rationale for the DC-based immunotherapy of chronic HCV infection...

..DC vaccination was safe, was feasible, and showed promise of immunogenicity in ART-treated, HIV-1-positive individuals. Additional studies of DC immunization strategies for HIV-1 infection are warranted...

..Thus, the expression of DC-SIGN is essential for productive HHV-8 infection of and replication in B cells...

..This review presents what is known about the dysregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in HIV-1 infection, highlighting newly available immune-based therapies that could augment antiretroviral drug therapies...

..We propose that DC-SIGN serves as a portal for immune dysfunction and oncogenesis caused by HHV-8 infection...

..Whole HIV-1 protein in liposome may be an effective immunogen for HIV-1 vaccine protocols...

..Knowledge of HIV-1-specific T-cell immunity and its role in protection from HIV-1 infection and disease must continue to expand until the goal of complete control of HIV-1 infection is accomplished...

..Thus, three major types of blood and tissue myeloid DC targeted by HIV-1, i.e., moDC, LC, and idDC, can prime multispecific, polyfunctional CD8(+) T-cell responses to HIV-1 and other viral antigens...

..Transmission of HIV-1 from B cells to T cells through this DC-SIGN pathway could be important in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection...

..These results indicate that DC can enhance multiple types of HIV-1-specific T-cell functions...

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..This effect of ampligen and the fact that it has been shown to act synergistically with zidovudine against HIV in vitro suggest that the combination might be tried clinically in patients...

..This review focuses on HIV-1-DC interactions, the impact of these on DC therapeutics for the treatment of HIV-1-infected individuals and the current status of DC-based therapeutic vaccines for HIV-1 infection...

..The DC-T cell system can serve as a model for immunotherapy of HIV-1 infection in the local genital tract as well as systemic blood circulation...

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..This epitope may be important in control of HHV-8 infection by CD8(+) T cells...

..These studies highlight complexities of immunologic monitoring of T-cell responses in multisite clinical trials in HIV infection and outline considerations for optimizing these efforts...

..This may be an important mechanism of HIV-1 immunogenicity and provides a strategy for immunotherapy of HIV-1-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy...

..This suggests that dendritic cells from HIV-1-infected persons can be engineered to evoke stronger anti-HIV-1 CD8+ T-cell reactivity as a strategy to augment antiretroviral therapy...

..These results suggest an intentional skewing of cytokine production in HHV-8-infected DCs towards induction of a Th2 response...

..This lack of normal CD8+ T-cell differentiation could contribute to the failure of cellular immune control of HIV-1 infection...

..A phenotypic profile based on these observations showed that there are both immature and mature memory CD8+ T cells specific for FluA...

..COT or CON sequences derived from autologous virus samplings may be useful for increasing the sensitivity of assessments of immune reactivity against HIV...

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..In multivariate logistic analysis, only the A*0205 subgroup (OR, 5.56; 95% CI, 1.34-23.10; P=.018) and the TAP2 Ala665 (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.28-3.84; P=.005) were associated with resistance...

..Other genetic factors in the HLA class II-TAP region of the major histocompatibility complex might be involved...

..We report a case of hMPV pneumonia in a lung transplant recipient presenting with respiratory failure and sepsis syndrome. hMPV was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction, and treated with intravenous ribavirin with a successful outcome...

..The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between cognitive performance, risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy...

..This study suggests that agonist sequences can replace aberrantly immunogenic native epitopes for the rational design of vaccines targeting HIV-1...

..Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompromised patients can lead to viremia associated with morbidity and mortality. Monitoring of viral loads in blood is critical for initiating and monitoring antiviral treatment...

..We therefore demonstrate the successful development and implementation of an integrated discovery and validation technology system for direct identification and confirmation of class I MHC-peptide epitopes on cells...

..34 (95% CI: 0.25, 0.45) relative to the reference calendar period. HAART protects against initial and subsequent AIDS-defining illnesses, whose inclusion in analysis markedly increased the precision of the estimated hazard ratio...

..5% in high-risk HIV-1-seronegative individuals vs. 27.6% in HIV-1-seropositive individuals; P=.0291). These findings suggest that DC-SIGNR polymorphisms may influence susceptibility to HIV-1...

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..Furthermore, results suggest a potential threshold for HAART initiation in the neighborhood of 275 cells/microl...

..These results support further development of a DNA vaccine for protection against HIV...

..009), even when controlling for race (P = 0.006). These results suggest that elevated serum IL10 or the IL10 promoter -592 C/C genotype are associated with development of AIDS lymphoma...

..To examine the incidence and risk factors for anal cancer in a multicenter cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men followed between 1984 and 2006 (Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study)...

..HIV-1 infection is characterized by an inverted CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio, but the distribution of inversions over time after seroconversion and whether delay of inversion is associated with a favorable prognosis are not known...

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..These results implicate regulatory PPIA polymorphisms as a component of genetic susceptibility to HIV-1 infection or disease progression, affirming the important role of PPIA in HIV-1 pathogenesis...

..We conclude that HIV prevention efforts should target modifiable attitudes (reduced concern about HIV and safer sex fatigue) and increases in sexual risk-taking of MSM, particularly among HIV+ men having sex with serodiscordant partners...

..5-1.25 log(10) copies/mL lower than the reference group. By quantifying the anticipated clinical benefits associated with a reduction in viral set point, these findings support the use of virologic end points in HIV-1 vaccine trials...

..2-4.7). Results underscore the importance of avoiding TB by using preventive interventions such as treatment of latent TB infection, particularly in populations with a large prevalence of HIV/TB co-infected individuals...

..We believe that this novel immunotherapy strategy ideally fulfills the intent of the NIAID Integrated Preclinical/Clinical Program. ..

..This is important for development of therapies and prophylactic vaccines for HHV-8 infection. ..

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..We propose that this DC-apoptotic cell model may be an ideal immunogen that contains all antigenic forms of HIV-1 and can be a vehicle for therapeutic immunization. ..

..This is important for development of therapies and prophylactic vaccines for HHV-8 infection. ..

..Such information is also important for understanding the immune correlates of protection against HHV-8 infection as the basis for development of therapeutic regimens and prophylatic vaccines ..

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..This is important for development of therapies and prophylactic vaccines for HHV-8 infection. ..

..We believe that these new, novel antigen delivery systems and processing methods will be highly efficient at inducing a broad spectrum of anti-HIV-1 T cell responses in ART patients. ..

..This study will provide important information on CD8 T cell immunity during HHV-8 infection for development of adequate treatment and prevention strategies for HHV-8 related cancers. ..