James D Oliver

..Finally, the central role of catalase in the VBNC response of some bacteria, including its genetic regulation, is described...

..While we were not successful in resuscitating these cells to the culturable state, the presence of such nonculturable cells in treated wastewater offers a potential public health hazard...

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..It is hoped that this mini-review will encourage researchers to consider this survival state in their studies as an alternative to the conclusion that a lack of culturability indicates the cells they are examining are dead...

..This technique has been employed for the confirmation and typing of unknown isolates from both clinical and environmental sources utilizing a single reaction followed by gel electrophoresis...

..vvhA (hemolysin) was differentially expressed between environmental and clinical isolates. These results paralleled our in vitro findings...

..To our knowledge, this is the first study providing direct evidence for the metabolic basis of nonculturability and the viable but nonculturable state...

..0001) with occurrence of the three pathogens. Thus, these two parameters may represent simple assays for characterizing the potential public health hazard of estuarine waters...

..Finally, Int colonies, which in some cases can easily be mistaken for Tr colonies, have been observed to occasionally revert to Op, while Tr colonies containing a wzb deletion presumably are unable to revert to the encapsulated form...

..We found the half-life of mRNA to be less than 60 minutes, confirming that mRNA detection in these VBNC cells is a result of de novo RNA synthesis...

..Our results indicated that the ability to produce hemolysin did not affect entrance into the VBNC state. Further, VBNC cells of both biotypes could be restored to the culturable state following an overnight temperature upshift...

..Complementation in trans with csrA resulted in reduced biofilm formation, similar to that by csrA(+) strains. Our results provide evidence that csrA inhibits biofilm formation in V. vulnificus...

..The medium was shown in laboratory and field studies to be highly selective without providing preferential isolation of either V. vulnificus genotype...

..Levels of the two genotypes as well as seasonal dynamics within both oyster tissue and the surrounding waters may aid in identifying risk factors associated with human infection...

..We suggest that the oysters were colonized with a more salt-tolerant bacterium during the drought, which displaced V. vulnificus and may be preventing recolonization...

..Overall, this study highlights the need for further in situ evaluation of this bacterium in order to gain a true understanding of its ecology and how it relates to its natural habitat...

..This suggests that the nutrient/osmotic environment may influence the survival of V. vulnificus following entry into the human body, leading to selection of the C genotype over the E genotype...

..Together these findings suggest that the cross protective response in V. vulnificus is complex and appears to involve multiple mechanisms...

..Cells in which fatty acid synthesis was inhibited did not survive, indicating that active fatty acid metabolism is essential for entry of cells into the VBNC state...

..The data reported here are consistent with the existence of two genotypes of V. vulnificus, with the C-type being a strong indicator of potential virulence...

..Because fluorescence was maintained regardless of the cells' physiological state, this protein may also be an indicator of cell viability...

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..Water temperature accounted for most of the variability in the concentrations of both V. vulnificus (47%) and Vibrio spp. (48%)...

..Overall, it appears that treatment with diacetyl is ineffective for shellstock oysters, although it has potential for use in reducing loads of V. vulnificus in shucked oysters...

..9 x 10(4) with high numbers (10(3) to 10(4)) isolated from the oyster surface. From these data, it is clear that refrigeration and alcohol treatment are not sufficient to reduce loads of A. hydrophila in or on oysters...

..Results of this study add to our understanding of the biochemical and physiological changes that have not been reported when V. parahaemolyticus enters into the VBNC state...

..Our data suggest that lineage I may have a higher pathogenic potential and that region XII, along with other regions, may give isolates a selective advantage either in the human host or in the aquatic environment or both...

..The results showed that PFGE with SfiI digestion may be used to characterize V. vulnificus strains from distant geographic regions, with NotI being a recommended alternative enzyme...