Research Topics
| SAMIR S MITRAGOTRISummaryAffiliation: University of California Country: USA Publications
Research Grants
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Detail Information
Publications
A theoretical analysis of permeation of small hydrophobic solutes across the stratum corneum based on Scaled Particle TheorySamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Pharm Sci 91:744-52. 2002..6 x 10(-6)K(0.7)(o/w)exp(-0.46r(2)(A1)--where r is solute molecular radius in Angstroms (A) and P is in cm/s. The predicted skin permeabilities compare well with the experimental data...- Modeling skin permeability to hydrophilic and hydrophobic solutes based on four permeation pathwaysSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Control Release 86:69-92. 2003..The model yielded a series of equations to predict skin permeability based on solute radius and octanol-water partition coefficient. Predictions of the model compare well with the experimental data... 
Devices for overcoming biological barriers: The use of physical forces to disrupt the barriersSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Electronic address
Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65:100-3. 2013..A summary of the working principles of these devices and their ability to enhance drug delivery is presented...
Rapid sampling of molecules via skin for diagnostic and forensic applicationsSumit Paliwal
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Pharm Res 27:1255-63. 2010..This study describes the use of low-frequency ultrasound as a one-step methodology for rapid sampling of molecules from the skin...- Novel topical microbicides through combinatorial strategiesAnubhav Arora
Department of Chemical Engineering, Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Pharm Res 27:1264-72. 2010..Here, we report on the discovery of unique surfactant formulations with improved safety and efficacy profile for epithelial applications, via a combination of high throughput screening techniques... - Ultrasound-enhanced drug transport and distribution in the brainYing Liu
School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332 0100, USA
AAPS PharmSciTech 11:1005-17. 2010..Altogether, these studies demonstrate that ultrasound can increase drug permeation in the brain in vitro and in vivo under conditions that did not cause detectable damage... - Low-frequency sonophoresis: a reviewSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:589-601. 2004..Mechanistic insights gained through a number of investigations are also reviewed. Finally, reports on the synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound with other enhancers including chemicals and iontophoresis are summarized... - Physical approaches to biomaterial designSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Nat Mater 8:15-23. 2009..In each case, we present examples demonstrating the significance of these properties in biology. We also discuss synthesis methods and biological applications for designer biomaterials, which offer unique physical properties... - Temperature dependence of skin permeability to hydrophilic and hydrophobic solutesSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
J Pharm Sci 96:1832-9. 2007..Theoretical equations are also presented to facilitate interpretation of the dependence of activation energy on molecular properties of the solute... - Healing sound: the use of ultrasound in drug delivery and other therapeutic applicationsSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Nat Rev Drug Discov 4:255-60. 2005..In addition, ultrasound has also been shown to facilitate the healing of wounds and bone fractures. This article reviews the principles and current status of ultrasound-based treatments... - Immunization without needlesSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Nat Rev Immunol 5:905-16. 2005..This article focuses on contemporary developments in needle-free methods of immunization, such as liquid-jet injectors, topical application to the skin, oral pills and nasal sprays... - Current status and future prospects of needle-free liquid jet injectorsSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Nat Rev Drug Discov 5:543-8. 2006..This article reviews jet injectors with respect to their current clinical applications, emerging applications, mechanistic understanding and future prospects... - Synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound and sodium lauryl sulfate on transdermal transportS Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93016, USA
J Pharm Sci 89:892-900. 2000..Possible mechanisms for the synergistic effect of ultrasound and SLS are also discussed... - Effect of therapeutic ultrasound on partition and diffusion coefficients in human stratum corneumS Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Control Release 71:23-9. 2001..However, it did not significantly enhance partition coefficients. The method described in this paper is quite general and can be used to measure the effect of various enhancers on partition and diffusion coefficients... - Effect of bilayer distruption on transdermal transport of low-molecular weight hydrophobic solutesS Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
Pharm Res 18:1018-23. 2001..The objective of this study was to develop a mathematical model to describe the effect of bilayer disrupting agents on skin permeability to low molecular weight hydrophobic drugs... - Synergistic effect of enhancers for transdermal drug deliveryS Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
Pharm Res 17:1354-9. 2000..This paper summarizes literature studies on these combinations with respect to their efficacy and mechanisms... - Low-frequency sonophoresis: a noninvasive method of drug delivery and diagnosticsS Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93016, USA
Biotechnol Prog 16:488-92. 2000..Studies on diagnostics are performed using glucose as a model analyte. Applications of this technology to drug delivery and diagnostics are discussed... - Transdermal delivery of heparin and low-molecular weight heparin using low-frequency ultrasoundS Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
Pharm Res 18:1151-6. 2001..We hypothesized that transdermal delivery of heparin may provide an attractive alternative to injections. However, the dose of transdermally delivered heparin is limited by low skin permeability... - Analysis of ultrasonically extracted interstitial fluid as a predictor of blood glucose levelsS Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
J Appl Physiol 89:961-6. 2000..The model accounts for convective, as well as diffusive, transport processes across blood capillaries, epidermis, and the stratum corneum. The overall predictions of the model compare favorably with the experimental observations... - Mathematical models of skin permeability: an overviewSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
Int J Pharm 418:115-29. 2011..This article provides an overview of various modeling approaches with respect to their advantages, limitations and future prospects... - Transdermal extraction of analytes using low-frequency ultrasoundS Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
Pharm Res 17:466-70. 2000..In this paper, we report a potential method for non-invasive diagnostics based on ultrasonic skin permeabilization and subsequent extraction of interstitial fluid (ISF) across the skin... - High throughput screening of transdermal formulationsPankaj Karande
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
Pharm Res 19:655-60. 2002..This method can be used to discover new and effective enhancer mixtures. At the same time, these data may also broaden our understanding of the effect of enhancers on skin permeability... - Micro-scale devices for transdermal drug deliveryAnubhav Arora
Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Int J Pharm 364:227-36. 2008..These include liquid jet injectors, powder injectors, microneedles and thermal microablation. The historical perspective, mechanisms of action, important design parameters, applications and challenges are discussed for each method... - Description of transdermal transport of hydrophilic solutes during low-frequency sonophoresis based on a modified porous pathway modelAhmet Tezel
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
J Pharm Sci 92:381-93. 2003..The results of this study show that low-frequency sonophoresis creates pathways for permeant delivery with a wide range of pore sizes. The optimum pore size utilized by solutes is related to their molecular radii... - Interactions of inertial cavitation bubbles with stratum corneum lipid bilayers during low-frequency sonophoresisAhmet Tezel
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Biophys J 85:3502-12. 2003..Theoretical predictions were compared to experimentally measured parameters of cavitation events... - Evaluation of chemical enhancers in the transdermal delivery of lidocainePhilip J Lee
Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
Int J Pharm 308:33-9. 2006..These findings allow a more rational approach for designing oil-based formulations for the transdermal delivery of lidocaine free base and similar drugs... - Synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound and surfactants on skin permeabilityAhmet Tezel
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
J Pharm Sci 91:91-100. 2002..We performed imaging experiments to assess the effect of ultrasound on delivery of a model permeant, sulforhodamine B, into the skin. These experiments show that ultrasound enhances surfactant delivery and dispersion in the skin... - Synergistic effects of chemical enhancers on skin permeability: a case study of sodium lauroylsarcosinate and sorbitan monolauratePankaj Karande
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Eur J Pharm Sci 31:1-7. 2007..However, mixtures of NLS and S20 resulted in micelle-like aggregates at certain specific compositions. Interestingly, compositions with increased aggregation showed resemblance to those that exhibited highest skin permeabilization... - Discovery of transdermal penetration enhancers by high-throughput screeningPankaj Karande
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Nat Biotechnol 22:192-7. 2004..These studies show the feasibility of using penetration enhancers for systemic delivery of macromolecules from a transdermal patch... - Low-frequency sonophoresis: current status and future prospectsMakoto Ogura
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60:1218-23. 2008..Novel theoretical and experimental approaches have provided insights into the mechanisms of low-frequency sonophoresis. Current understanding of these mechanisms is presented... - Ultrasound-induced cavitation: applications in drug and gene deliverySumit Paliwal
University of California, Department of Chemical Engineering, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Expert Opin Drug Deliv 3:713-26. 2006..This review provides a detailed account of mechanisms, current status and future prospects of ultrasonic cavitation in drug and gene delivery applications... - Breaking the skin barrierSamir Mitragotri
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Adv Drug Deliv Rev 56:555-6. 2004 - A model for intracellular trafficking of adenoviral vectorsAnh-Tuan Dinh
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Biophys J 89:1574-88. 2005..Model predictions agree well with experimental data available in literature. The paper serves as a guide for future theoretical and experimental efforts to understand viral gene delivery... - Needle-free delivery of macromolecules across the skin by nanoliter-volume pulsed microjetsAnubhav Arora
Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:4255-60. 2007..Pulsed microjet injectors could be used to deliver drugs for local as well as systemic applications without using needles... - Design principles of chemical penetration enhancers for transdermal drug deliveryPankaj Karande
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:4688-93. 2005..These molecules significantly broaden the repertoire of CPEs that can aid the design of optimized transdermal, dermatological, and cosmetic formulations in the future... - Low-frequency sonophoresis: ultrastructural basis for stratum corneum permeability assessed using quantum dotsSumit Paliwal
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Invest Dermatol 126:1095-101. 2006..This contention is consistent with previously conceived theoretical mechanistic understanding of LFS-induced enhanced transport across the skin... - Dependence of skin permeability on contact areaPankaj Karande
Department of Chemical Engineering University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Pharm Res 20:257-63. 2003..The model predicts a lateral strain in the skin due to preferential swelling of skin upon penetration of water. We propose that this lateral strain is responsible for the increased skin permeability at lower reservoir sizes... - Transdermal drug delivery by jet injectors: energetics of jet formation and penetrationJoy Schramm
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
Pharm Res 19:1673-9. 2002..CONCLUSIONS: These studies offer a quantitative analysis of jet penetration into the skin... - Mechanistic analysis of chemical permeation enhancers for oral drug deliveryKathryn Whitehead
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 5080, USA
Pharm Res 25:1412-9. 2008..Although certain permeation enhancers have been proposed for use in oral delivery, potential for application is often unclear when the route of enhancer action is unknown... - Dynamic control of needle-free jet injectionJeanne C Stachowiak
University of California, Berkeley, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
J Control Release 135:104-12. 2009..This dynamic control of jet velocity creates the potential for better control of needle-free injections, as demonstrated through injection studies on whole ex vivo human skin samples... - Polymer particles that switch shape in response to a stimulusJin Wook Yoo
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:11205-10. 2010..Elliptical disk-shaped particles that are not phagocytosed by macrophages were made to internalize through shape switch, demonstrating the ability of shape-switchable particles in modulating interaction with cells... - Incorporation of lipophilic pathways into the porous pathway model for describing skin permeabilization during low-frequency sonophoresisAhmet Tezel
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Control Release 83:183-8. 2002..The aim of this note is to incorporate the lipophilic pathway into the porous pathway model to describe transdermal drug transport in the absence and presence of ultrasound... - A theoretical analysis of low-frequency sonophoresis: dependence of transdermal transport pathways on frequency and energy densityAhmet Tezel
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Pharm Res 19:1841-6. 2002..CONCLUSIONS: With this study it is shown that low-frequency ultrasound increases skin permeability by increasing skin porosity rather than by increasing the size of the pores that are responsible for permeant delivery... - A reversibly switching surfaceJoerg Lahann
Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 45 Carleton Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Science 299:371-4. 2003..Such reversibly switching surfaces may open previously unknown opportunities in interfacial engineering... - Needle-free jet injections: dependence of jet penetration and dispersion in the skin on jet powerJoy Schramm-Baxter
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Engineering II Building, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Control Release 97:527-35. 2004..These experiments demonstrated that jet power also effectively describes gel erosion due to liquid impingement... - Jet injection into polyacrylamide gels: investigation of jet injection mechanicsJoy Schramm-Baxter
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Biomech 37:1181-8. 2004..The penetration depth of the jets as well as the rate of erosion decreased with increasing Young's modulus. The mechanics of jet penetration into polyacrylamide gels provides an important tool for understanding jet injection into skin... - Porous resins as a cavitation enhancer for low-frequency sonophoresisTakaaki Terahara
Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology E25-342, 45 Carlton Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
J Pharm Sci 91:753-9. 2002..2MG was also effective in enhancing transdermal mannitol transport. These results confirm that the addition of cavitation nuclei such as porous resins further increases the effect of low-frequency ultrasound on skin permeability... - Oral delivery of macromolecules using intestinal patches: applications for insulin deliveryKathryn Whitehead
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Engineering II Building, Santa Barbara 93106, USA
J Control Release 98:37-45. 2004..These studies demonstrate that reduction in blood glucose levels comparable to that induced by subcutaneous injections can be achieved via enteral insulin absorption with doses only 2-10-fold higher than subcutaneous doses... - Topical delivery of anti-sense oligonucleotides using low-frequency sonophoresisAhmet Tezel
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Pharm Res 21:2219-25. 2004..Histologic studies revealed that no gross structural changes were induced in the skin due to ultrasound application. CONCLUSIONS: These results show successful delivery of anti-sense oligonucleotides using low-frequency ultrasound... - Investigations of the role of cavitation in low-frequency sonophoresis using acoustic spectroscopyAhmet Tezel
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
J Pharm Sci 91:444-53. 2002..No correlation was found between the subharmonic pressure amplitude and conductivity enhancement... - Relationships between skin's electrical impedance and permeability in the presence of chemical enhancersPankaj Karande
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
J Control Release 110:307-13. 2006..9 for both mannitol and estradiol). These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using skin's electrical impedance to screen potent chemical enhancers... - Low-frequency ultrasound as a transcutaneous immunization adjuvantAhmet Tezel
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Vaccine 23:3800-7. 2005..These studies demonstrate generation of a potent systemic immune response through TCI without using toxin adjuvants or skin abrasion. Ultrasonic TCI offers a needle-free and painless mode of immunization... - Insights into synergistic interactions in binary mixtures of chemical permeation enhancers for transdermal drug deliveryPankaj Karande
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Control Release 115:85-93. 2006..Simple but invaluable rules like these will provide guiding principles for designing libraries to further speed up the formulation discovery process... - An experimental and theoretical analysis of ultrasound-induced permeabilization of cell membranesJagannathan Sundaram
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Biophys J 84:3087-101. 2003..For each mechanism, the volume around the bubble within which bubbles induce reversible and irreversible membrane permeabilization was determined. Predictions of the model are consistent with experimental data... - Jet-induced skin puncture and its impact on needle-free jet injections: experimental studies and a predictive modelJoy Baxter
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Control Release 106:361-73. 2005..Prediction of the hole depth in the skin is a first step in quantitatively predicting drug delivery by jet injection... - Role of particle size in phagocytosis of polymeric microspheresJulie A Champion
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
Pharm Res 25:1815-21. 2008..Here, we investigate the previously unexplained dependence of phagocytosis on particle size... - Multicomponent chemical enhancer formulations for transdermal drug delivery: more is not always betterAnubhav Arora
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
J Control Release 144:175-80. 2010..Ternary formulations exhibited the best cost to benefit ratio as judged by the fraction of total formulations that provide high potency... - On the origin of size-dependent tortuosity for permeation of hydrophilic solutes across the stratum corneumAhmet Tezel
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Control Release 86:183-6. 2003..The proposed theoretical model describing the dependence of solute tortuosity on solute size and SC porosity is in agreement with prior experimentally derived tortuosity values... - Particle shape: a new design parameter for micro- and nanoscale drug delivery carriersJulie A Champion
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
J Control Release 121:3-9. 2007..This article provides a review of this field with respect to methods of particle preparation and the role of particle shape in drug delivery... - Shape induced inhibition of phagocytosis of polymer particlesJulie A Champion
Department of Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
Pharm Res 26:244-9. 2009..To determine if particle shape can be engineered to inhibit phagocytosis of drug delivery particles by macrophages, which can be a significant barrier to successful therapeutic delivery... - Understanding intracellular transport processes pertinent to synthetic gene delivery via stochastic simulations and sensitivity analysesAnh Tuan Dinh
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Biophys J 92:831-46. 2007..Based on comparison with gene delivery by viruses, the model suggests possible strategies to significantly improve transfection efficiencies of synthetic gene vectors... - Therapeutic opportunities in biological responses of ultrasoundSumit Paliwal
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Ultrasonics 48:271-8. 2008..Overall, this review presents the increasing importance of ultrasound's role as a biological sensitizer enabling novel therapeutic strategies... - Prolonged circulation of large polymeric nanoparticles by non-covalent adsorption on erythrocytesElizabeth Chambers
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
J Control Release 100:111-9. 2004..Although particles were eventually eliminated from circulation, RBCs were not cleared. RBC-anchored nanoparticles offer a novel approach for intravascular drug delivery and blood pool imaging... - Safe and effective permeation enhancers for oral drug deliveryKathryn Whitehead
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 5080, USA
Pharm Res 25:1782-8. 2008..This study attempts to gain insight into the principles governing the potency and toxicity behavior of enhancers... - One-step acquisition of functional biomolecules from tissuesSumit Paliwal
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:14627-32. 2010..Applications of this sampling methodology to rapid molecular diagnostics of cutaneous allergies and infectious diseases are also presented... - Role of target geometry in phagocytosisJulie A Champion
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:4930-4. 2006..Failure to create the required actin structure results in simple spreading and not internalization. Particle size primarily impacts the completion of phagocytosis in cases where particle volume exceeds the cell volume... - Discovery of synergistic permeation enhancers for oral drug deliveryKathryn Whitehead
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 5080, United States
J Control Release 128:128-33. 2008..These results encourage further exploration of several leading formulations for in vivo applications in oral drug delivery... - Long circulating nanoparticles via adhesion on red blood cells: mechanism and extended circulationElizabeth Chambers
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 232:958-66. 2007..This manuscript reports an in depth analysis of the behavior of nanoparticles bound to red blood cells, especially their circulation characteristics, biodistribution, and mechanisms of clearance... - Dynamics and spatial organization of endosomes in mammalian cellsChinmay Pangarkar
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
Phys Rev Lett 95:158101. 2005..Facilitated diffusion results in rapid equilibration of vesicles on microtubules. The asterlike organization of microtubules causes perinuclear accumulation of vesicles despite symmetric transport... - Red blood cell-mimicking synthetic biomaterial particlesNishit Doshi
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:21495-9. 2009..These particles provide a paradigm for the design of drug delivery and imaging carriers, because they combine the functionality of natural RBCs with the broad applicability and versatility of synthetic drug delivery particles...
Research Grants
- A Novel and Non-Invasive Method of Dermal SamplingSamir Mitragotri; Fiscal Year: 2003..abstract_text> ..
- Cutaneous Gene Therapy with Ultrasound: DNA VaccinationSamir Mitragotri; Fiscal Year: 2006..3. Using an in vitro model, Epiderm, and in vivo mouse model, assess safety of skin exposure to low-frequency ultrasound. ..