Robert C Millikan

..Here, the predictive value of HMG-CoAR expression in relation to tamoxifen response was examined...

..Among younger African-American women, we estimate that up to 68% of basal-like breast cancer could be prevented by promoting breastfeeding and reducing abdominal adiposity...

..ORs for XPD and XPC genotypes were stronger for melanoma diagnosed at an early age, but tests for interaction were not statistically significant. The results provide further evidence for a role of XPD in the etiology of melanoma...

..The results provide additional evidence that HER2 codon 655 genotype may predispose to early-onset breast cancer...

..In conclusion, trans fatty acid consumption is not associated with colon cancer and does not contribute to disparities in colon cancer rates...

..However, two recent studies showed a stronger association among postmenopausal white women with the inducible M2 polymorphism in the cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) gene...

..This mutation was initially reported in one-third of hyperplastic benign breast lesions, although several recent studies failed to detect it in benign or malignant breast tissues...

..Previous epidemiologic studies suggest that women with variant cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) genotypes who smoke cigarettes are at increased risk for breast cancer...

..We recently detected this mutation at a low frequency of 6% in invasive breast tumors of the Carolina Breast Cancer Study (CBCS)...

..The association of BRAF mutations with early-life UV exposure provides evidence in support of childhood sun protection for melanoma prevention...

..Importantly, weight loss, stage at diagnosis, or time from diagnosis to blood draw did not appear to produce strong bias in our study...

..Prospective studies are needed to address whether common polymorphisms in DNA repair genes modify the effects of low-dose radiation exposure from medical sources...

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..We examined associations among folate and alcohol intake, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in one-carbon metabolism, and colon cancer risk...

..98 (95%CI: 0.47, 2.05) and 0.87 (95%CI 0.42, 1.81), respectively]. In conclusion, high consumption of trans-fatty acids was positively associated with distal colorectal cancer among Whites...

..Results suggest that the Ala allele increases the risk of breast cancer and modifies the effects of environmental exposures that produce oxidative damage to DNA...

..0001), p53 overexpression (P < .0001), and elevated Ki-67 index (P < .0001). These studies demonstrate the presence of a basal-like in situ carcinoma, a potential precursor lesion to invasive basal-like carcinoma...

..To examine the effect of travel distance and other sociodemographic factors on access to a diagnosing provider for patients with melanoma...

..0) and 399Arg (D' = 1.0). These data suggest that less common, functional polymorphisms may lie within common haplotypes and drive gene-environment interactions...

..To determine how physicians responded when investigators inquired about contacting patients identified through a central cancer registry, and to examine participation rates under physician permission versus notification approaches...

..However, exposures such as BMI and hormone therapy may be important modifiers of this association and merit further investigation...

..Replication in additional studies where breast cancer subtypes have been defined is necessary to confirm these potential associations...

..Gene expression analysis has identified several breast cancer subtypes, including basal-like, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive/estrogen receptor negative (HER2+/ER-), luminal A, and luminal B...

..Solar elastosis adjacent to melanomas in histologic sections is regarded as an indicator of sun exposure, although the associations of UV exposure and phenotype with solar elastosis are yet to be fully explored...

..Few studies have examined the occurrence of G-E association in published control group data...

..These results suggest that consumption of high amounts of trans-fatty acid may increase the risk of colorectal neoplasia, and they provide additional support to recommendations to limit trans-fatty acid consumption...

..Much recent work has focused on hypotheses that very early life exposures influence adult cancer risk. For breast cancer it has been hypothesized that high in utero estrogen exposure may increase risk...

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..This study tested whether sporadic breast cancer was associated with constitutive radiation hypersensitivity...

..To gain preliminary insight into patients' levels of awareness and preferences about research recruitment through cancer registries...

..Moreover, breastfeeding, one of the few potentially modifiable risk factors for breast cancer, was an important factor in decreasing risk among older parous postmenopausal women...

..CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support for a positive association between constipation and increased risk for colon cancer. Women, especially black women with constipation, seem to be at the highest risk...

..In this study we assessed the association between six common polymorphisms in the μ-opioid receptor gene, including the well known A118G polymorphism, and breast cancer survival...

..Genetic variation in the oxidative stress pathway may impact the carcinogenic effect of reactive oxygen species produced by ethanol metabolism. We hypothesized that alcohol interacts with these pathways to affect SCCHN incidence...

..Furthermore, the process leading to COE may be the first step in a progression to ulceration...

..Our methods and our publicly available software are broadly applicable to GWAS in admixed populations...

..These results indicate that the relationship between MTHFR genotypes and MSI is influenced by folate status...

..Selenium is an essential trace element found in cereals, wheat, dairy products, meat, and fish. This micronutrient may prevent carcinogenesis through several biochemical pathways; one suggested pathway is enhanced apoptosis...

..We investigated the relationship between urbanization and breast cancer in North Carolina (1995-1999), and considered hospital characteristics as an explanation...

..The goals of this study were to determine U.S. states with Comprehensive Cancer Control plans that include genomics in some capacity and to review successes with and barriers to implementation of genomics-related cancer control initiatives...

..The results of this study provide some limited evidence that GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms modify the effect of smoking on inflammation, hemostasis, and endothelial function...

..The presence of strong FAK expression in many high grade, estrogen- and progesterone-negative breast carcinomas indicates that FAK may be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention...

..The finding of tandem mutations in thin melanomas makes it more likely that they arise as a simultaneous rather than sequential event...

..Family history of colon cancer can be deconstructed into causal and noncausal explanations, which include genetic factors, environmental factors, gene-environment interactions, misclassification, and differences in screening...

..In addition, the concerns raised by genomics highlight areas of our understanding of the ethical principles of public health in which further refinement may be necessary...

..Given the paradoxical effects of physical activity, the oxidative stress pathway is of interest. Genetic variation in CAT or antioxidant-related polymorphisms may mediate the physical activity-breast cancer association...

..1%) acknowledged their need for training in order to achieve these competencies. Information collected by taking a family history can indicate a combination of genetic and environmental susceptibilities for chronic diseases...

..The use of a novel case-control design in which cases have second primaries and controls are cancer survivors has been proposed for this purpose...

..Hence, racial variations in both prevalences of and risks associated with particular factors may contribute to the higher incidence of breast cancer among younger African-American women...

..In this study we use information from a large series of incident cases of melanoma from an international population-based study to examine the patterns of incidence of melanoma in the first-degree relatives of these cases...

..This study's objective was to examine the relationship between use of non-prescription and prescription NSAIDs and breast cancer and carcinoma in situ of the breast...

..These results suggest that certain characteristics of social ties are associated with both risk of and prognostic indicators for colon cancer...

..Experimental studies in animals have suggested that antidepressants may promote the growth of mammary tumors, but epidemiologic data have not shown consistent associations between antidepressant use and breast cancer...

..2-4.8), compared with less than the median daily intake and UGT1A7 high/intermediate genotypes. These data suggest that the associations among cooked meat-derived compound exposure, and colon cancer are modified by the UGT1A7 genotype...

..These results add new knowledge suggesting that the protective effect of NSAIDs against colon cancer is similar among African Americans and Whites...

..7 ng/day and combined high/intermediate genotypes. These data support a hypothesis that UGTs modify the association between meat-derived PAH exposure and colon cancer by their role in the elimination of dietary carcinogens...

..The results suggest that the relative risk of mutation carriers in the population may be lower than currently believed and that different mutations on the CDKN2A gene may confer substantially different risks of melanoma...

..As all these patients received locoregional radiation therapy, CA IX may be associated with resistance to radiotherapy...

..036) and overall survival (p=0.040). In conclusion, we identified CENP-F as a biomarker associated with poor outcome in breast cancer and showed several novel associations of biological significance...

..Sun exposure is the main cause of melanoma in populations of European origin. No previous study has examined the effect of sun exposure on risk of multiple primary melanomas compared with people who have one melanoma...

..With the exception of the variant in position -34 of CDKN2A of known functional consequence, the remaining rare variants in the non-coding region have no apparent impact on risk...

..GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms may be weakly related to colon cancer risk and there may be racial differences in gene-smoking interactions...

..We explored the association between the COX-2 Val511Ala SNP and risk of colon cancer among 240 African American cases and 326 African American controls in a population-based, case-control study in North Carolina...

..These results are consistent with previous evidence of exposure-specific p53 mutations in breast tumors from current and former smokers, suggesting that smoking may play a role in breast cancer etiology...

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..In this study, we examined lifetime melanoma risk among CDKN2A mutation carriers using carriers who were identified in a population-based study of melanoma...

..Quantitative determination of survivin expression using image analysis offers the opportunity to develop alternative scoring models for survivin immunohistochemistry. Here, we present such a model...

..31; P = 0.81). This study provides novel epidemiologic evidence that the mtDNA 10398A allele influences breast cancer susceptibility in African-American women. mtDNA polymorphisms may be underappreciated factors in breast carcinogenesis...

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