M S Lucia

Summary

Affiliation: University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
Country: USA

Publications

  1. ncbi Inflammation as a target for prostate cancer chemoprevention: pathological and laboratory rationale
    M Scott Lucia
    Department of Pathology and Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Unibersity of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    J Urol 171:S30-4; discussion S35. 2004
  2. ncbi Pathologic characteristics of cancers detected in The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial: implications for prostate cancer detection and chemoprevention
    M Scott Lucia
    University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
    Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 1:167-73. 2008
  3. ncbi Growth factors in benign prostatic hyperplasia: basic science implications
    M Scott Lucia
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado DHSC, 12800 East 19th Avenue, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
    Curr Urol Rep 9:272-8. 2008
  4. ncbi Finasteride and high-grade prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
    M Scott Lucia
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, 4200 E Ninth Ave, Box B 216, Denver, CO 80262, USA
    J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1375-83. 2007
  5. ncbi p53 controls prostate-derived factor/macrophage inhibitory cytokine/NSAID-activated gene expression in response to cell density, DNA damage and hypoxia through diverse mechanisms
    Julie A Kelly
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
    Cancer Lett 277:38-47. 2009
  6. ncbi Conference report and review: current status of biomarkers potentially associated with prostate cancer outcomes
    Thomas W Flaig
    Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences University Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
    J Urol 177:1229-37. 2007
  7. ncbi Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by activation of the alternative pathway of complement
    Joshua M Thurman
    Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    Kidney Int 67:524-30. 2005
  8. ncbi Preoperative prediction of unifocal, unilateral, margin-negative, and small volume prostate cancer
    Kenneth A Iczkowski
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
    Urology 71:1166-71. 2008
  9. ncbi Molecular characterization of human prostate carcinoma cell lines
    Adrie van Bokhoven
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    Prostate 57:205-25. 2003
  10. ncbi Prostate derived factor in human prostate cancer cells: gene induction by vitamin D via a p53-dependent mechanism and inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth
    James R Lambert
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
    J Cell Physiol 208:566-74. 2006

Research Grants

  1. MPSA Pathology Coordinating Center
    M Lucia; Fiscal Year: 2004
  2. DIAGNOSTIC CENTER
    M Lucia; Fiscal Year: 2004

Detail Information

Publications53

  1. ncbi Inflammation as a target for prostate cancer chemoprevention: pathological and laboratory rationale
    M Scott Lucia
    Department of Pathology and Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Unibersity of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    J Urol 171:S30-4; discussion S35. 2004
    ..We review the literature addressing a potential causal role for chronic or recurrent inflammation or infection in the development of prostate cancer...
  2. ncbi Pathologic characteristics of cancers detected in The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial: implications for prostate cancer detection and chemoprevention
    M Scott Lucia
    University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
    Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 1:167-73. 2008
    ....
  3. ncbi Growth factors in benign prostatic hyperplasia: basic science implications
    M Scott Lucia
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado DHSC, 12800 East 19th Avenue, PO Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
    Curr Urol Rep 9:272-8. 2008
    ..As we begin to unravel the precise mechanisms involved, new treatments for BPH aimed at these interacting pathways may emerge...
  4. ncbi Finasteride and high-grade prostate cancer in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
    M Scott Lucia
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center, 4200 E Ninth Ave, Box B 216, Denver, CO 80262, USA
    J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1375-83. 2007
    ..We assessed whether the increased high-grade prostate cancer associated with finasteride in the PCPT was due to finasteride's potential effects on tumor morphology or prostate size...
  5. ncbi p53 controls prostate-derived factor/macrophage inhibitory cytokine/NSAID-activated gene expression in response to cell density, DNA damage and hypoxia through diverse mechanisms
    Julie A Kelly
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, 12801 E 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
    Cancer Lett 277:38-47. 2009
    ..Thus, PDF may represent a novel target of p53 in response to cell stress...
  6. ncbi Conference report and review: current status of biomarkers potentially associated with prostate cancer outcomes
    Thomas W Flaig
    Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences University Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
    J Urol 177:1229-37. 2007
    ..A 2-day Prostate Cancer Biomarker Conference was convened to identify promising areas of research and focus efforts on the most critical needs...
  7. ncbi Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by activation of the alternative pathway of complement
    Joshua M Thurman
    Department of Internal Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    Kidney Int 67:524-30. 2005
    ..The purpose of this study was to determine whether alternative pathway activation also occurs during the development of ischemic acute tubular necrosis in the human kidney...
  8. ncbi Preoperative prediction of unifocal, unilateral, margin-negative, and small volume prostate cancer
    Kenneth A Iczkowski
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
    Urology 71:1166-71. 2008
    ..Subtotal gland ablation by minimally invasive therapies such as cryotherapy demands preoperative prediction of unifocal, unilateral, margin-negative, and small volume (less than 0.5 mL) cancer...
  9. ncbi Molecular characterization of human prostate carcinoma cell lines
    Adrie van Bokhoven
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    Prostate 57:205-25. 2003
    ..This study presents a comprehensive survey and characterization of available prostate carcinoma cell lines, most of which have been widely used but are incompletely characterized...
  10. ncbi Prostate derived factor in human prostate cancer cells: gene induction by vitamin D via a p53-dependent mechanism and inhibition of prostate cancer cell growth
    James R Lambert
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
    J Cell Physiol 208:566-74. 2006
    ..These data demonstrate that PDF exerts antitumorigenic properties on PCa cells and its regulation by 1,25D may provide insights into the action of 1,25D in PCa...
  11. ncbi Connective tissue growth factor expression is increased in biliary epithelial cells in biliary atresia
    Michael R Narkewicz
    Department of Pediatrics, The Pediatric Liver Center, The Children s Hospital, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80218, USA
    J Pediatr Surg 40:1721-5. 2005
    ..The objective of this study was to evaluate hepatic CTGF messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and its relationship to hepatic histology in children with BA...
  12. ncbi Diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6J mice causes increased renal lipid accumulation and glomerulosclerosis via a sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c-dependent pathway
    Tao Jiang
    Department of Medicine, The University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, 80262, USA
    J Biol Chem 280:32317-25. 2005
    ..Our results therefore suggest that diet-induced obesity causes increased renal lipid accumulation and glomerulosclerosis in C57BL/6J mice via an SREBP-1c-dependent pathway...
  13. ncbi Potential pathologic markers for prostate chemoprevention studies
    Wael A Sakr
    Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
    Urol Clin North Am 31:227-35. 2004
    ..More important, it is crucial to demonstrate that modulation of the frequency of the biomarker decreases the rate of cancer development...
  14. ncbi Aberrant HOXC expression accompanies the malignant phenotype in human prostate
    Gary J Miller
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    Cancer Res 63:5879-88. 2003
    ..We speculate that HOXC overexpression may predispose tumor cells to androgen independence by necessitating adaptation to diminished androgen signaling...
  15. ncbi Clinical staging of prostate cancer: a computer-simulated study of transperineal prostate biopsy
    E David Crawford
    Radiation Oncology, Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
    BJU Int 96:999-1004. 2005
    ....
  16. ncbi Spectral karyotype (SKY) analysis of human prostate carcinoma cell lines
    Adrie van Bokhoven
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    Prostate 57:226-44. 2003
    ..g., 8p, 10q, 13q, and 16q). CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides a comprehensive karyotypic analysis of a large number of prostate carcinoma cell lines, and offers a valuable resource for future investigations...
  17. ncbi Workgroup I: rodent models of prostate cancer
    M S Lucia
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
    Prostate 36:49-55. 1998
  18. ncbi The role of inflammation and infection in prostate cancer: Importance in prevention, diagnosis and treatment
    H K Koul
    Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Colorado at Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
    Drugs Today (Barc) 46:929-43. 2010
    ..As such, chronic inflammation may represent an important therapeutic target in prostate cancer...
  19. ncbi A study of high-dose oral silybin-phytosome followed by prostatectomy in patients with localized prostate cancer
    Thomas W Flaig
    Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
    Prostate 70:848-55. 2010
    ..The purpose of the current trial was to determine the tissue and blood effects of high-dose silybin-phytosome in prostate cancer patients...
  20. ncbi A case of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
    Andrew S Weiss
    Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
    Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3:111-5. 2007
    ..A 61-year-old female with end-stage renal disease who was undergoing hemodialysis presented with an 8-week history of upper and lower extremity weakness associated with skin tightness and contractures...
  21. ncbi VDR and SRD5A2 polymorphisms combine to increase risk for prostate cancer in both non-Hispanic White and Hispanic White men
    Kathleen C Torkko
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
    Clin Cancer Res 14:3223-9. 2008
    ..This study tested the interactions of VDR (CDX2, FokI) and SRD5A2 (V89L, A49T) polymorphisms, and their associations with prostate cancer...
  22. ncbi Role of altered renal lipid metabolism and the sterol regulatory element binding proteins in the pathogenesis of age-related renal disease
    Tao Jiang
    Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
    Kidney Int 68:2608-20. 2005
    ..The purpose of this study was to identify a potential role for lipids in mediating age-related renal disease...
  23. ncbi A case of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy presenting late after transplantation
    Shweta Bansal
    University of Colorado at Denver Health Sciences Center, Department of Renal Disease and Hypertension, 1635 North Ursula Street, Mail Stop F749, PO Box 6510, Denver, CO 80045, USA
    Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 4:283-7. 2008
    ..Potential etiologies such as acute T-cell-mediated rejection, acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, and calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity were considered...
  24. ncbi B7-H4 overexpression in ovarian tumors
    Barbara Tringler
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, B-216, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
    Gynecol Oncol 100:44-52. 2006
    ....
  25. ncbi Neutrophil-independent mechanisms of caspase-1- and IL-18-mediated ischemic acute tubular necrosis in mice
    Vyacheslav Y Melnikov
    Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    J Clin Invest 110:1083-91. 2002
    ..These results suggest a novel neutrophil-independent mechanism of IL-18-mediated ischemic ARF...
  26. ncbi Immunohistochemical localization of the IAP protein survivin in bladder mucosa and transitional cell carcinoma
    Rainer Lehner
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA
    Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 10:134-8. 2002
    ..9 months); however, the differences were not statistically significant. Nuclear localization of survivin is a marker of TCC but is rarely present in premalignant or benign bladder mucosal specimens...
  27. ncbi Calorie restriction modulates renal expression of sterol regulatory element binding proteins, lipid accumulation, and age-related renal disease
    Tao Jiang
    Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, C281, Denver, CO 80262, USA
    J Am Soc Nephrol 16:2385-94. 2005
    ....
  28. ncbi Biomorphometric analysis of human prostatic carcinoma by using three-dimensional computer models
    Priya N Werahera
    Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
    Hum Pathol 35:798-807. 2004
    ..Moreover, our 3-dimensional computer modeling system improves upon other systems: It is more than a simple extension of the planimetric technique, and it is able to demarcate clearly the boundaries of Gleason grades just 1 grade apart...
  29. ncbi Alternatively activated macrophages and collagen remodeling characterize the postpartum involuting mammary gland across species
    Jenean O'Brien
    Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Mail Stop 8117, RC 1 S, 8401K, 12801 E 17 Avenue, UCD, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
    Am J Pathol 176:1241-55. 2010
    ..M2 macrophages, IL-4, IL-13, fibrillar collagen accumulation, and proteolysis of collagen are all components of tumor promotional microenvironments, and thus may mediate promotion of breast cancers arising in the postpartum setting...
  30. ncbi CBP/p300-mediated acetylation of histone H3 on lysine 56
    Chandrima Das
    Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, PO Box 6511, Aurora Colorado 80045, USA
    Nature 459:113-7. 2009
    ....
  31. ncbi The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial and the future of chemoprevention
    Ian M Thompson
    Department of Urology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
    BJU Int 101:933-4. 2008
  32. ncbi The performance of prostate specific antigen for predicting prostate cancer is maintained after a prior negative prostate biopsy
    Ian M Thompson
    University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
    J Urol 180:544-7. 2008
    ..We compared the performance operating characteristics of prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer between a first and subsequent prostate biopsy in a group of men with complete verification of cancer status...
  33. ncbi The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer
    Ian M Thompson
    University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, USA
    N Engl J Med 349:215-24. 2003
    ....
  34. ncbi Finasteride, prostate cancer, and weight gain: evidence for genetic or environmental factors that affect cancer outcomes during finasteride treatment
    Yoonju Song
    Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109 1024, USA
    Prostate 68:281-6. 2008
    ..Finasteride affects both prostate cancer risk and body weight. We examined whether, during 7 years of finasteride treatment, the magnitude of weight change was associated with the diagnosis of no, low-, or high-grade cancer...
  35. ncbi Laterally directed biopsies detect more clinically threatening prostate cancer: computer simulated results
    Nozomu Kawata
    Department Urology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
    Prostate 57:118-28. 2003
    ..0082), but not in the autopsy series. CONCLUSIONS: The MFSB technique, which utilizes laterally directed biopsies, appears to be an effective approach to improve the detection of clinically threatening prostatic carcinoma...
  36. ncbi Prediction of prostate cancer for patients receiving finasteride: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
    Ian M Thompson
    Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
    J Clin Oncol 25:3076-81. 2007
    ..Using data from men in the finasteride group of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), we evaluated the impact of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and other risk factors on the risk of prostate cancer...
  37. ncbi Delay in the progression of low-risk prostate cancer: rationale and design of the Reduction by Dutasteride of Clinical Progression Events in Expectant Management (REDEEM) trial
    Neil Fleshner
    University Health Network, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
    Contemp Clin Trials 28:763-9. 2007
    ..Dutasteride, a dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor (5ARI), may delay prostate cancer progression or extend the time to initiation of more aggressive therapy...
  38. ncbi Finasteride decreases the risk of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
    Ian M Thompson
    Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio and Southwest Oncology Group, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
    J Urol 178:107-9; discussion 110. 2007
    ..In the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial we evaluated the impact of finasteride on the risk of a needle biopsy diagnosis of high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia...
  39. ncbi Stage migration and grade inflation in prostate cancer: Will Rogers meets Garrison Keillor
    Ian M Thompson
    J Natl Cancer Inst 97:1236-7. 2005
  40. ncbi The effects of 5alpha-reductase inhibitors on the natural history, detection and grading of prostate cancer: current state of knowledge
    Gerald Andriole
    Division of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University St Louis, 4960 Children s Place, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
    J Urol 174:2098-104. 2005
    ..However, Gleason score 7-10 tumors were significantly more common in the finasteride vs the placebo group. We considered data on the effects of 5ARIs on prostate cancer natural history and detection...
  41. ncbi Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level < or =4.0 ng per milliliter
    Ian M Thompson
    Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Tex, USA
    N Engl J Med 350:2239-46. 2004
    ..1 to 4.0 ng per milliliter. CONCLUSIONS: Biopsy-detected prostate cancer, including high-grade cancers, is not rare among men with PSA levels of 4.0 ng per milliliter or less--levels generally thought to be in the normal range...
  42. ncbi 2-Methoxyestradiol inhibits prostate tumor development in transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated gene 6
    Gretchen E Garcia
    Departments of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
    Clin Cancer Res 12:980-8. 2006
    ..However, neither the chemopreventive role nor the mechanism of 2-methoxyestradiol-induced biological activities is fully understood...
  43. ncbi The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia
    John D McConnell
    University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA
    N Engl J Med 349:2387-98. 2003
    ..Combination therapy and finasteride alone reduced the long-term risk of acute urinary retention and the need for invasive therapy...
  44. ncbi Effect of finasteride on the sensitivity of PSA for detecting prostate cancer
    Ian M Thompson
    Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
    J Natl Cancer Inst 98:1128-33. 2006
    ..We examined the impact of finasteride on the sensitivity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for detecting prostate cancer...
  45. ncbi Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer: a randomized clinical trial
    Ian M Thompson
    Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, MC 7845, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229 3900, USA
    JAMA 296:2329-35. 2006
    ..However, the optimal management of these patients after radical prostatectomy is unknown...
  46. ncbi Assessing prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial
    Ian M Thompson
    Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
    J Natl Cancer Inst 98:529-34. 2006
    ..We used prostate biopsy data from men who participated in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) to develop a predictive model of prostate cancer...
  47. ncbi Finasteride improves the sensitivity of digital rectal examination for prostate cancer detection
    Ian M Thompson
    Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
    J Urol 177:1749-52. 2007
    ..In the current study we report the impact of finasteride on digital rectal examination sensitivity and specificity...
  48. ncbi Operating characteristics of prostate-specific antigen in men with an initial PSA level of 3.0 ng/ml or lower
    Ian M Thompson
    Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
    JAMA 294:66-70. 2005
    ..Three fourths of US men older than 50 years have been screened with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer...
  49. ncbi A preliminary study of JM-27: a serum marker that can specifically identify men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia
    Grant W Cannon
    James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
    J Urol 177:610-4; discussion 614. 2007
    ..The goal of these studies was to determine if a serum based assay to detect JM-27 could distinguish men with different forms of benign prostatic hyperplasia...
  50. ncbi First International Conference on Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer. Overview consensus statement
    Ian M Thompson
    University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
    J Urol 171:S3-4. 2004
  51. ncbi Diagnosing prostate cancer: through a glass, darkly
    Ian M Thompson
    J Urol 175:1598-9. 2006
  52. ncbi A comprehensive approach toward novel serum biomarkers for benign prostatic hyperplasia: the MPSA Consortium
    Chris Mullins
    National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
    J Urol 179:1243-56. 2008
    ....
  53. ncbi Commentary: the ubiquity of prostate cancer: echoes of the past, implications for the present: "what has been will be again, what has been done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun." ECCLESIASTES 1:9
    Ian M Thompson
    Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
    Int J Epidemiol 36:287-9. 2007

Research Grants3

  1. MPSA Pathology Coordinating Center
    M Lucia; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..abstract_text> ..
  2. DIAGNOSTIC CENTER
    M Lucia; Fiscal Year: 2004
    ..From the published literature, however, it is expected that data on 280 patients will be sufficient to produce meaningful results." They state that a "...subset of approximately 280 cases will have detailed analyses performed." ..