HENRY RICHARD KRANZLER

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..Despite these advantages, no published studies have used IVR in alcohol pharmacotherapy trials...

..Efforts to improve naltrexone compliance have included the development of injectable, long-acting depot formulations...

..These findings support the validity of the methods used to derive homogeneous subgroups of CD subjects and the resulting CD subtypes. Independent replication of these findings would provide further validation of this approach...

..These findings underscore the utility of daily measurement for understanding the processes that underlie pharmacological interventions for problem drinking...

..This multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sertraline was designed to address many of the potential methodological shortcomings of studies of co-occurring disorders...

..Despite the difficulties inherent in treating dual diagnosis patients, the clinician must recognize that it is possible to derive valid diagnoses and deliver efficacious treatment to such patients...

..01). These findings support the use of acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence and illustrate some of the issues that can arise in the FDA process for approval of medications to treat the disorder...

..The present study examined whether aripiprazole modifies the behavioral and physiological effects of a moderate dose of alcohol in a group of social drinkers...

..Gastfriend; (5) System Challenges in the Adoption of Pharmacotherapy, by Robert M. Swift; and (6) Pharmacotherapy for Alcohol Dependence: Strengths, Challenges, and Future Directions, by Mark L. Willenbring...

..This study compared the tolerability and potential efficacy of an oral solution of ondansetron in EOAs versus LOAs...

..To determine the impact of treatment with oral naltrexone on healthcare costs in patients with alcohol-related disorders...

..In the absence of studies that compare the effects of these medications, we used a meta-analytic approach to the literature to compare their efficacy in alcoholism treatment...

..We conclude that no reliable association exists between taste sensitivity to PROP and either a diagnosis of alcohol dependence or a parental history of alcohol dependence...

..These findings suggest that patients who report current smoking should routinely be asked about their current alcohol consumption. Interventions should then be tailored to address smoking and, if appropriate, hazardous drinking as well...

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..We focused specifically on this gene because topiramate, a glutamate modulator that binds to the GluR5 subunit, has shown robust efficacy in the treatment of AD...

..We examined prescriptions for oral naltrexone in a large, nationally distributed treatment population to identify characteristics and health-care utilization patterns associated with persistence...

..Efforts to replicate these findings are warranted, since they suggest that schedules of medication administration other than daily should be evaluated for treatment of problem drinking...

..Previous research has found that alcoholics have a greater preference for sweet solutions than comparison subjects. This study tested the hypothesis that preference for sweet solutions is a marker for alcoholism risk...

..The effects of finasteride provide indirect evidence for a mediating role of neuroactive steroids in some of the subjective effects of alcohol...

..Following initial reports of association of CNR1 with SD, we studied multiple markers at this locus in a large case-control sample...

..The goal of this study was to test whether GABRA2 is associated with alcohol dependence in a sample of Russian alcohol-dependent men...

..This work suggests that variations in the TPH2 gene are not a risk factor for the development of cocaine dependence, but these findings require confirmation in larger, independent samples of cocaine-dependent and control subjects...

..003). These findings replicate and extend recently reported findings, which together underscore the potential contribution of polymorphic variation at the GABRA2 locus to the risk for alcohol dependence...

..These findings suggest that OPRM1 may play a role in the pathophysiology of substance dependence and this role is population- and diagnosis-specific...

..We tested whether the Pro7 allele is associated with alcohol dependence in European Americans (EA)...

..Functional studies of these loci are warranted. These results provide additional information useful in evaluating the many earlier discrepant findings regarding association of DRD2 with substance dependence...

..These findings may aid in understanding the genetic association of this locus with alcohol dependence in several populations...

..Because the convergence of these disorders may provide a refined phenotype, we examined the association of serotonin (5-HT) transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) alleles to comorbid alcohol dependence and major depression...

..Using rigorous study designs that account for possible population stratification, these findings confirm and extend our original observations indicating that variation at ADH4 predisposes to alcohol and drug dependence...

..These results are an initial step in identifying genes for opioid dependence on the basis of a genomewide investigation (i.e., a study not conditioned on prior physiological candidate-gene hypotheses)...

..We examined this polymorphism as it interacted with negative life events to predict drinking and drug use in college students...

..In conclusion, XR-NTX 380 mg prolonged abstinence and reduced the number of heavy drinking days and drinking days in patients who were abstinent for as few as 4 days before treatment initiation...

..The present study examines the association of a GABRA2 SNP with another definition of alcohol involvement and with the effects of psychosocial treatment...

..We examined reward drinking (drinking-to-enhance motives) as a comparison and to see whether these effects varied across gender...

..019). We conclude that two independent CNR1 variants have significant interaction effects on risk for CD in EAs; they may also have effects on risk for CD in AAs...

..The negative results for AFDs, PTSD, and schizophrenia could be due to the low statistical power. Further study with larger samples is warranted...

..If replicated, these results would help to identify alcohol-dependent individuals who may be most likely to respond to treatment with naltrexone...

..SNP2 or SNP6 was the marker genetically closest to the functional risk loci for both alcohol dependence and drug dependence...

..These findings suggest that OPRM1 intronic variants play a role in susceptibility to AD and DD in populations of European ancestry...

..Conclusion: Despite no evidence in this study for allelic association of HTR1B to antisocial substance dependence, further evaluation of the hypothesized association is warranted in other population groups...

..34 (95% CI = 1.11-1.63)]. Allelic variation at 5-HTTLPR contributes to risk for AD, with the greatest effect observed among individuals with a co-occurring clinical feature...

..Comorbid substance use and psychiatric disorders are very common among individuals with cocaine dependence. Comorbid ADHD increases the odds of an individual endorsing CIP, suggesting some common basis for these phenomena...

..In addition, a specific diplotype might inversely affect risk for AD and DD and risk for affective disorders...

..2005). A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study established the efficacy and safety of XR-NTX in this patient population. In this report, the effect of XR-NTX on quality of life (QOL) was examined...

..The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the NOTCH4 gene and schizophrenia in African American (AA) and European American (EA) subjects...

..The pro-opiomelanocortin gene (POMC) encodes several peptides important for endogenous opioidergic neurotransmission. We tested whether POMC genetic variation affects risk for substance dependence...

..CONCLUSIONS: The SIP is useful for measuring drinking consequences in a sample of problem drinkers, and the subscale scores can be interpreted clinically. Further research on the SIP in other populations is warranted...

..These findings fail to replicate the original report of an association between SNPs adjacent to an alternative CNR1 exon 3 transcription start site and polysubstance abuse...

..In contrast, heavy drinking women showed no benefit from daily naltrexone treatment. Further evaluation of the efficacy of targeted treatments and of daily naltrexone and the relationship of these treatments with gender is warranted...

..The functional promoter GAD2 -243 A > G variant may influence risk for AD in some populations, or its role may be limited to susceptibility to severe AD...

..Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) treatment frequently induces depression, potentially leading to early dose reductions or a shorter duration of treatment, which can adversely affect outcomes, including quality of life...

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..Further studies are needed to validate these findings and to examine the specific mechanism by which these differences may arise...

..To estimate the safety and efficacy of treatment with 2-mg nicotine gum for smoking cessation during pregnancy...

..These findings may also help to identify alcoholics who are at greatest risk for MDD...

..We examined the prevalence and course of psychiatric and substance dependence (SD) disorders in subjects with SD and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)...

..This pilot clinical trial evaluated the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of zonisamide for the treatment of alcohol dependence...

..We cannot exclude the possibility that the results might have been influenced by selection bias due to the multisite nature of the study...

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..We also found that several ADH genes and the ALDH2 gene were susceptibility loci for AD, and the associations were best explained by several independent risk genes...

..Nicotine dependence (ND) is costly to societies worldwide, moderately heritable, and genetically complex. Risk loci can be identified with genetic linkage analysis independent of prior physiological hypotheses...

..Strong associations between ADH4 variation and SD have been reported. We aimed to investigate the relationship between ADH4 variation and personality traits in the present study...

..38%; P = 0.003) and a non-significant excess of the T allele in schizophrenia (44%; P = 0.29). The allele frequency for subjects with alcohol dependence did not differ from controls...

..CONCLUSIONS: Severity of cocaine dependence and age of onset appear to be important risk factors for CIP. Concordance for CIP between siblings did not emerge as significant in our analyses...

..This direct method of comparison seemed to demonstrate the superior validity of the multivariate cluster-analytic approach over the univariate approaches to classifying subjects with drug dependence...

..35 for membership in the "Moderate Cocaine and Opioid Abuse" cluster on chromosome 18. These results provide a basis for the identification of specific genes contributing to risk for these traits...

..However, efforts are needed to improve long-term abstinence rates and smoking outcomes among women with a history of depression...

..A previous report suggested that a functional variant at the genetic locus encoding the mu opioid receptor (Asn40Asp) is such a marker, in short-term (3-month) treatment with the opioid-blocking drug naltrexone (NTX)...

..Furthermore, these results suggest that common genetic variation within the GAD67 gene does not play a major role in the predisposition to unipolar depression...

..This study examined the effect of nicotine deprivation on alcohol and smoking urges in a sample of alcohol-dependent smokers in early recovery...

..g. by reading more journal articles about naltrexone) were more likely to prescribe it. In summary, multiple factors are contributing to the relatively low naltexone prescription rate...

..Despite the small sample size, nefazodone significantly reduced some measures of alcohol consumption in this sample of depressed alcoholics...

..Based on this model, we argue that genotype differences in anxiety should be stronger in the presence of stress...

..Our study provides an initial substance dependence trait-specific blueprint of associated regions for future candidate gene studies...

..This first part of the guidelines covers the treatment of alcohol dependence; Part 2 will be devoted to the treatment of drug dependence...

..This paper examines physicians' opinions about and use of two alcoholism medications currently approved in the US--disulfiram and naltrexone--and one alcoholism medication--acamprosate--that might be approved...

..abstract_text> ..

..Knowledge of the gene variants will help to identify people at greatest risk of developing the disorder, thereby improving prevention efforts. ..

..New resources committed to the CTR effort by the State of Connecticut and by UCONN will contribute to the achievement of these specific aims and should make possible the submission of a CTSA U54 application in late 2007. ..

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..Knowledge of the gene variants will help to identify people at greatest risk of developing the disorder, thereby improving prevention efforts. ..