Arthur F Kramer

..There is also a need for human neuroimaging studies to adopt a more unified multi-modal framework and for greater interaction between human and animal models of exercise effects on brain and cognition across the life span...

..We hypothesized that age, sex, education, body composition, and physical activity were direct determinants of fitness, which, in turn, influenced frequency of forgetting indirectly through hippocampal volume and spatial working memory...

..These results provide evidence for plasticity in old age and are discussed in relation to an alternative argument for the role of reduced asymmetry in performance improvements...

..We suggest that higher fit children are better at activating and adapting neural processes involved in cognitive control to meet and maintain task goals...

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..The findings are the first to indicate that aerobic fitness may relate to the structure and function of the preadolescent human brain...

..Practice with the FFOV task improves older adults' attentional function by increasing their recruitment of regions traditionally associated with orienting visual attention...

..These results are discussed in relation to current conceptions of the neural correlates of dual-task performance...

..These results are discussed in relation to the efficacy of training protocols for modulating attention and executive functions, dual-task processing, and fMRI correlates of plasticity...

..To investigate the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive variability in preadolescent children...

..Our findings support theoretically-based predictions and extend the literature showing unique psychological responses conditional on specific types of physical activities...

..We provide the first evidence for functional connectivity as a source of variance in the association between aerobic fitness and cognition, and discuss results in the context of neurobiological theories of cognitive aging and disease...

..Because children are becoming increasingly overweight, unhealthy and unfit, understanding the neurocognitive benefits of an active lifestyle during childhood has important public health and educational implications...

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..The shortened, psychometrically sound measure provides researchers and practitioners an expedited and reliable instrument for assessing the enjoyment of physical activity...

..Our data suggest that multitasking costs may be particularly dangerous for older adults even during everyday activities such as crossing the street...

..These data suggest that increased cardiovascular fitness can affect improvements in the plasticity of the aging human brain, and may serve to reduce both biological and cognitive senescence in humans...

..To cross-validate the psychometric properties of the abbreviated Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (LL-FDI), a measure of perceived functional limitations and disability...

..Self-efficacy has been shown to be both an antecedent and determinant of behaviors such as physical activity and may explain variance in the performance of functional tasks among older adults...

..These data suggest that with instructions and minimal practice, older adults can ameliorate the cost of a poor search strategy...

..Furthermore, these results suggest a strong biological basis for the role of aerobic fitness in maintaining and enhancing central nervous system health and cognitive functioning in older adults...

..Furthermore, the visual search performance advantage obtained in the presence of a background layout or landmark was observed both for individuals with small and large memory spans...

..Individual differences in changes in game performance were correlated with improvements in task switching. The study has implications for the enhancement of executive control processes of older adults...

..These results support predictions made by models of selective attention and suggest an important mechanism of top-down attentional control in spatially contiguous stimuli...

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..Two experiments examined the detectability of multiple transient changes within a cluttered and dynamic display (a simulated sonar display)...

..Hence, P3 and EEG spectral data are differentially sensitive to changes in attentional processing occurring with complex task training...

..These results highlight the importance of individual differences in scanning strategy in real-world dynamic, cluttered environments...

..This study examined differential trajectories of exercise-related self-efficacy beliefs across a 12-month randomized controlled exercise trial...

..In general, the results are promising and suggest that fitness may serve a neuroprotective function for aging humans...

..We also consider the important topic of participant adherence in clinical exercise trials. Finally, we suggest future directions for studies of cardiovascular fitness, aging, and neurocognitive function...

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..Additional analyses suggested that older adults may derive their benefit from finer spatial encoding of search items. These findings suggest that some of the memory processes that support visual search are relatively age invariant...

..The present findings have implications for our understanding of the processes involved in the programming of antisaccades and the causes of erroneous prosaccades...

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..The results suggest that, although participants might be using inhibition at later stages of the preview interval, they are not maintaining inhibition on the old objects throughout most of the preview interval...

..Camouflage training benefits at transfer for older adults appeared to be related to improvements in attentional guidance and target recognition rather than a more efficient search strategy...

..We conducted a set of experiments to examine the utility of several different uni- and multimodal collision avoidance systems (CASs) on driving performance of young and older adult drivers in a high-fidelity simulator...

..Morphological analyses revealed that frontal white matter tracts differed as a function of performance in older adults, suggesting that hemispheric connectivity might impact both patterns of recruitment and cognitive performance...

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..The purpose of this study was to test the construct validity of a regression equation developed by Jurca and colleagues (2005) to estimate CRF without exercise testing in community dwelling older adults...

..Similarly, behavioral inhibition and cognitive resource allocation-indices of executive control function-have also been associated with this health behavior...

..Our approach and findings also provide a foundation for exploring the brain plasticity involved in transfer of trained abilities to novel real-world tasks such as driving, sport, or neurorehabilitation...

..We extended the sport-cognition literature by using a realistic street crossing task to examine the multitasking and processing speed abilities of collegiate athletes and nonathletes...

..The data provide support for a competition view of dual-task processing...

..Additionally, we found that the paths were significantly lateralized to the right hemisphere. These results are discussed in relation to theories of the function of each region in attentional control...

..The implications of these findings for global skilled labor shortages are discussed...

..e., antipredictive). The present results are consistent with a new-object theory of attentional capture in which onsets receive attentional priority over other types of changes in the visual environment...

..Increased aerobic fitness is associated with improved cognition, brain health, and academic achievement during preadolescence...

..The results are discussed in terms of top-down and stimulus-driven effects on age-related differences in attentional control...

..Preliminary measures of brain function hold promise of increased interaction between human and animal researchers and a better understanding of the substrates of experience effects on behavioral performance in aging...

..Finally, we discuss the important issue of participant adherence to fitness training programs and the factors that influence fitness participation...

..Although there are currently few human intervention studies that have examined fitness effects on human brain function and structure, the studies that have been conducted report promising results...