R Juliano

..Hopefully, the basic information presented in this review will be of value to investigators involved in designing delivery approaches for oligonucleotides...

..Although both of these strategies have had some success, further research is needed before oligonucleotide conjugates can find an important place in human therapeutics...

..In this review, we examine the recent literature on oligonucleotide internalization and subcellular trafficking in the context of current insights into the basic machinery for endocytosis and intracellular vesicular traffic...

..However, we will restrict our comments primarily to the cell culture situation, only briefly alluding to fundamental differences between utilization in animals versus cells...

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..Thus, choice of an optimal delivery modality will likely depend on the therapeutic context...

..An understanding of the biological processes underlying these barriers will aid in the design of more effective delivery systems...

..The article also briefly discusses several specific examples of the use of CTPs or CPPs to assist in the delivery of nanoparticles, liposomes, and other nanocarriers...

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..This article will provide a perspective on issues in oligonucleotide delivery, and will examine recent literature on the preparation and use of several types of peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates...

..In this review, the authors examine integrin signalling and integrin-GTPase interplay in the context of cancer cell growth and behaviour...

..The problems and advantages inherent in the use of delivery systems are discussed in the light of further enhancing in vivo pharmacological actions of oligonucleotides...

..It will also examine the merits of various delivery strategies for oligonucleotides. The use of conjugates of oligonucleotides with 'cell penetrating peptides' as a promising delivery technology will be emphasized...

..They conclude that it is in the interest of faculty and institutions to make these and other drastic changes because the current system is both inherently unfair and self-destructive...

..These studies emphasize the intricate connection between integrins and Rho-family GTPases and their effectors in controlling both mitogenesis and migration...

..Thus, the therapeutic use of macromolecules, including oligonucleotides, peptides, and proteins, may be an idea whose time has come...

..These mechanisms often involve the ability of cell adhesion molecules to initiate the formation of organized structures or scaffolds that permit the efficient flow of information in signaling pathways...

..We also reprise several recent studies that have examined the inter-relationship of size and shape in influencing delivery...

..2003)...

..The results obtained suggested that double stranded delivery could provide a simple and effective means for enhancing cell uptake of pharmacologically active oligonucleotides...

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..We anticipate that this approach will lead to a cohort of novel CPPs that will have an important impact on the entire field of intracellular delivery of proteins, especially biosensors. ..

..The proposed program will present a unique training opportunity for students and post-doctoral fellows, since it will provide a unifying thematic structure to converging, but still disparate, areas of research. ..

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..They will also provide new molecular tools that could prove to be valuable adjuncts for cancer chemotherapy. ..

..As part of this component the trainee, with the mentor's guidance, will prepare the Abstract and Specific Aims of an NIH-type grant proposal dealing with a translational research topic. ..

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..We also believe that they will create opportunities for the development of novel approaches to cancer therapy. ..

..We anticipate that this approach will lead to a cohort of novel CPPs that will have an important impact on the entire field of intracellular delivery of proteins, especially biosensors. ..