James R Johnson

..The origins and virulence potential of meat product-associated Escherichia coli are undefined...

..Also, the widespread occurrence of plasmids among NMEC strains and members of the mixed cluster suggests that plasmid-mediated virulence in these pathotypes warrants further attention...

..Fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli are increasingly prevalent. Their clonal origins--potentially critical for control efforts--remain undefined...

..Although inhibition waned with catheter preincubation in saline, some organisms were inhibited even after a 48-h catheter preincubation, especially by the nitrofurazone-coated catheter...

..coli strains in the United States, among children and adults alike. Enhanced virulence and antimicrobial resistance have likely promoted the epidemiological success of these emerging public health threats...

..coli ST131 have recently emerged and diffused extensively among locales while maintaining a comparatively restricted host/source range. Identification of factors contributing to this behavior of ST131 could help protect public health...

..The stable prevalence of CGA over time suggests full emergence by the late 1990s, followed by variable endemicity worldwide as an antimicrobial drug-resistant public health threat...

..Additionally, the extensive within-ST virulence diversity suggests an opportunity to compare closely related strains to identify the responsible genetic determinants...

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..Escherichia coli sequence type ST131 (O25:H4), associated with the CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, has emerged internationally as a multidrug-resistant pathogen but has received little attention in the United States...

..These findings identify potential vaccine targets, suggest that urovirulence is multiply determined, and confirm the urovirulence of specific E. coli clonal groups, including recently recognized CGA...

..A more likely explanation is the importation of resistant strains from an as-yet-undefined low-virulence external selection reservoir...

..3%; p < 0.001) and those resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (10% vs. 1.7%; p < 0.001). The extensive antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of clonal group A may underlie its recent widespread emergence...

..Published by Elsevier GmbH...

..Host-pathogen relationships in men with febrile urinary tract infection (FUTI) are poorly understood...

..coli (ExPEC) strains and, increasingly, with antimicrobial resistance. The food supply may disseminate ExPEC and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli...

..They also identify specific bacterial traits as potential targets for anti-FUTI interventions...

..We determined the activity, comparative potency and effect durability of commercially available, antimicrobial coated Foley catheters against Escherichia coli isolates, including extended spectrum cephalosporin resistant strains...

..coli. They also suggest that neutrophil phagocyte oxidase is not critical for defense against E. coli UTI and that the major oxidative stresses against which OxyR protects E. coli within the host milieu are not phagocyte derived...

..ST131 emerged significantly during the study period. These findings suggest that E. coli ST131 may constitute an important new multidrug-resistant threat to renal transplant recipients...

..Within-household transmission of Escherichia coli may promote urinary tract infection (UTI) but is poorly understood...

..Many drug-resistant human fecal E. coli isolates may originate from poultry, whereas drug-resistant poultry source E. coli isolates likely originate from susceptible poultry-source precursors...

..This extends previous work regarding the pks island and supports investigation of the colibactin system as a potential therapeutic target...

..Within-household transmission of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) may contribute to the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection (UTI), but this is poorly understood...

..They also identify dogs as a possible reservoir of drug-resistant ExPEC for transmission to other pets and humans...

..Whether accessory traits, phylogenetic background, or ecological source best predicts extraintestinal virulence within Escherichia coli is undefined...

..coli ST131 being the major contributors. These clonal groups appear to be more virulent than comparably resistant isolates, possibly contributing to their success as emerging multi-drug-resistant pathogens...

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..The food supply is suspected to be a source of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli that cause disease in humans, but supporting molecular data are lacking...

..Rapid testing conceivably could facilitate rational selection of treatment duration for pediatric cystitis. Certain traits might represent good targets for preventive interventions...

..Of the four other colonizing strains identified, two were MDR and two colonized multiple hosts. The ST131 strain uniquely exhibited high resistance and virulence scores...

..The efficacy of antimicrobial urinary catheters in hospitalized patients is poorly defined...

..coli clones. In conclusion, the close similarity in the genomic backbone and virulence genotype between certain human- and animal-source E. coli isolates within serogroup O6 supports the hypothesis of zoonotic potential...

..The basis for the concentration of ciprofloxacin resistance in non-B2 phylogenetic groups remains unknown...

..Caution is warranted when attributing the observed phenotypic changes to the intended mutation...

..Although the true evolutionary basis for ExPEC is unknown, the virulence factors of ExPEC serve as useful epidemiologic markers and in the future may provide effective targets for anti-UTI interventions...

..coli strain with the father. Within-household transmission can contribute to the dissemination of the emerging, multidrug-resistant ST131 clonal group, which has evident invasive potential for otherwise-healthy children...

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..These FQREC resemble animal-source E. coli and presumably pose little threat to noncompromised hosts. Similar analysis of other FQREC is needed...

..Virulence genes, group B2, and having caused cystitis (in the mother or dog) corresponded to colonization endpoints (number of samples, colonies, hosts, and dates). The dog's cystitis clone was the most extensively recovered clone...

..They also provide novel evidence that multidrug-resistant epidemic clonal group A can cause extraintestinal infections other than uncomplicated urinary tract infections and can cause them in hosts other than young women...

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..Thus, in E. coli, antibiotic resistance predicts phylogenetic background and virulence potential in a complex, context-dependent fashion...

..e., extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli...

..These data suggest that AS and EBS do not contribute to upper or lower urinary tract colonization by E. faecalis and that growth in urine does not induce AS expression by strains carrying plasmids in the pCF10 family...

..Increases in antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli have been paralleled by an increasing incidence of E. coli sepsis, suggesting a possible link between resistance and virulence...

..e., G594A. In experiments comparing various reference typing methods, the new primers provided 100% sensitivity and specificity for the O15:K52:H1 clonal group, including 162 diverse clinical and reference E. coli isolates...

..The new CGA-specific PCR assay, which exhibited interlaboratory reproducibility and stability under various experimental conditions, should allow the rapid and specific detection of CGA by any laboratory equipped for diagnostic PCR...

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..Thus, interventions that target conserved uro-VFs may be possible, despite the likely existence of syndrome-specific pathogenetic mechanisms and/or host defense systems...

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..These findings indicate that the O15:K52:H1 clonal group is broadly distributed beyond Europe, exhibits previously unrecognized phenotypic and genotypic diversity, and contributes significantly to extraintestinal infections in humans...

..The present study sought to determine specifically which virulence factors (VFs) and phylogenetic groups of E. coli are epidemiologically associated with bacteremia...

..coli strains causing infections in humans. On the contrary the data suggest that dogs conceivably could acquire resistant E. coli strains from humans...

..coli did not prove to be such. Other exposures, including household-, community-, and population-level effects, may be more important...

..coli...

..coli within the US, which is relevant both to clinical practice and to understanding the basis for the current epidemic of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli...

..coli, and 51% were colonized with fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli. Among 80 unique isolates, adhesins correlated negatively and aerobactin correlated positively with fluoroquinolone resistance...

..Thus, CGA is broadly disseminated and contributes to co-trimoxazole resistance in pyelonephritis as well as in cystitis...

..The optimal treatment duration and current treatment patterns for urinary tract infection (UTI) in men are unknown. We used Veterans Affairs administrative data to study male UTI treatment and outcomes...

..To evaluate the comparative effectiveness of antiviral drugs in adults with chronic hepatitis B monoinfection for evidence-based decision-making...

..coli O1/O2:K1:H7 clonal group (which is associated with urosepsis), whereas genetically distinct E. coli strains were recovered from a jar of petroleum jelly used by the couple during sexual activity...

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..Alternative agents can be used successfully to treat non-life-threatening MRSA infections in appropriate patients. Randomized comparative trials are needed...

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..coli. New treatments and prevention measures will be needed for improved outcomes and a diminished disease burden...

..Although nurses insert and care for many Foley catheters, little is known about nurses' attitudes and knowledge regarding indications for catheter use or methods to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)...

..Chronic hepatitis B infection can lead to liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma, and death...

..Further research is needed regarding rapid diagnosis of UTI, accurate presumptive identification of patients with resistant pathogens, and development of new antimicrobials for drug-resistant UTI...

..Susceptibility results (reported on day 4) showed resistance to the initially selected regimen...

..These findings provide novel insights into the phylogenetic origins of NBM-associated E. coli and suggest numerous new potential targets for preventive interventions against this dire disease...

..To determine the outcomes of implementing clinical care guidelines for Hepatitis C screening, evaluation, and treatment in a large urban Veterans Affairs Medical Center...

..Taken together, these findings establish that IroN is a siderophore receptor and a urovirulence factor. However, uncertainty exists as to the mechanism(s) via which IroN contributes to urovirulence...

..coli was associated with recent use of antimicrobial agents in the household. Household clustering of drug-resistant E. coli was observed. Most carriers of drug-resistant E. coli lacked conventional risk factors...

..Hypervirulent strains from the B2 cluster were underrepresented (1%). Because FQ-resistant E. coli can cause disease, especially nosocomial infections in immunocompromised patients, spread of such strains must be stopped...

..Hemolysin, cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1, and S and F1C fimbriae genes were less prevalent among nalidixic acid-resistant E. coli strains. Quinolone resistance may be associated with a decrease in the presence of some virulence factors...

..coli strains potentially have an animal origin. The possibility that human drug-resistant UTI could be a foodborne illness has serious public health implications...

..If this is the case and this type of isolate is "bifunctional", domestic animals likely constitute a reservoir of NTEC strains which can be also pathogenic for humans...

..Iha thus represents a Fur-regulated catecholate siderophore receptor that, uniquely, exhibits an adherence-enhancing phenotype and is the first described urovirulence factor identified in a CGA strain...

..coli group A isolates rather than in isolates from groups B2 and D which had lost virulence traits. CGA accounted for 23% of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant E. coli producing pyelonephritis...

..These data indicate that a broad phylogenetic range of clinical E. coli isolates, including UPEC, may evade the activation of innate immune response in the urinary tract, thereby providing a pathogenic advantage...

..coli (EHEC) tested. An N135K FimH mutation in the two most evolved O157:H7 clusters is not found in other EHEC. These data refine the evolutionary history of an emerging pathogen...

..This relationship suggests a possible reconciliation of the prevalence and special-pathogenicity hypotheses...

..coli clonal group A belongs. This finding suggests a recent common ancestor for these distinct groups of pathogenic E. coli...

..The occurrence of "human-type" CGA in wastewater effluents demonstrates a potential mode for the dissemination of this clonal group in the environment, with possible secondary transmission to new human or animal hosts...

..Taken together, these studies support the concept that formalin-killed genetically engineered ExPEC derivatives are whole cell vaccine candidates to prevent infections due to ExPEC...

..Future studies are necessary to assess the ability of APEC to overcome the hurdles necessary for such a food-borne transmission, and epidemiological studies are required to confirm that such a phenomenon actually occurs...

..coli. This method allowed us to determine the O types of 153 strains previously typed using reference methods with an accuracy exceeding 90%. Moreover, some rough or nonagglutinating strains can be successfully typed...

..The sources of these resistant organisms are unknown. This underrecognized reservoir of drug-resistant potential pathogens poses public health challenges...

..Stg fimbriae, together with other adhesins, may therefore contribute to the colonization of avian respiratory tissues by certain APEC strains...

..coli are under strong positive selection (Dn/Ds > 1 for fimH and papG) for functionally adaptive amino acid replacements...

..TMP-SMX r isolates were more likely to belong to CGA. Knowledge of these risk factors for TMP-SMX resistance could facilitate the accurate selection of empirical therapy...

..Does the research address a current and compelling problem of antimicrobial resistance that is of high public health importance and for which research is needed? [yes]. ..

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