D R Jacobs

..Adipose tissue produces adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory protein. Adiponectin deficiency in mice is associated with abnormal post-natal alveolar development...

..Lung function at the end of life depends on its peak and subsequent decline. Because obesity is epidemic in young adulthood, we quantified age-related changes in lung function relative to body mass index (BMI)...

..Men and Blacks have a higher albumin excretion rate than do women and Whites and may thereby have an increased risk of microvascular and macrovascular disease...

..We hypothesized that favorable changes in dietary patterns would lead to a reduction in body size and an improvement in metabolic status...

..Serum enterolactone concentrations can be raised by eating a diet rich in whole grains...

..It has recently been shown that oxidative stress, infection, and inflammation are predominant pathophysiologic factors for several major diseases...

..1-0.4), do not include propensity for the important atherosclerotic phase of plaque rupture, and do not fully substitute for studies of clinical cardiovascular disease endpoints...

..High hostility predicted future low levels of some serum carotenoids, which may help to explain the association of hostility and cardiovascular risk observed in other epidemiologic studies...

..Finally, the argument is made that evidence from interventions points back to the central position of food in the relationship between nutrition and health, a position that begs for more whole food-based research...

..The more we understand about our own biology and that of plants and animals, the better we will be able to discern the combinations of foods, rather than supplements, which best promote health...

..We interpret the data as supportive of a synergy of the whole grain constituents, including fiber as only one such constituent...

..All forms of whole grain products contain both the bran and the germ, which are rich in nutrients, in addition to the starch-rich endosperm. However, refined grain consists only of the endosperm, which contains far fewer nutrients...

..Study of foods, food patterns, and individual nutrients or food components in reducing disease risk is seen as complementary. Epidemiologic, clinical trial, and in vitro approaches to such research are needed...

..To study whether mortality is reduced among whole grain eaters in Norway...

..Little information exists on whether the serum leptin concentration influences long-term weight changes in the free-living population...

..The level of detail regarding the dietary intake necessary to characterize associations between diet and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk is uncertain...

..Insulin resistance is known to be related to obesity. Thus, weight gain beginning in childhood may influence the development of insulin-induced cardiovascular risk during adulthood...

..This study sought to determine whether nutrient-rich whole grains reduce mortality risk...

..Counter to hypothesis, however, whole grain intake was unrelated to subclinical CVD...

..A risk of higher urinary albumin excretion exists at blood pressure levels below those commonly regarded as hypertension, with a greater risk among Blacks than among Whites...

..This database is intended for use in a wide range of nutritional research, from in vitro and cell and animal studies, to clinical trials and nutritional epidemiological studies...

..To compare estimates of adiposity by dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), skinfolds and body mass index (BMI); and to evaluate the relation of these measures to cardiovascular risk in adolescents...

..Hypothesis 2-those who attenuate weight gain because of a temporary increase in physical activity (PA) may maintain a lower body weight over time...

..To examine the relation of leptin to insulin resistance, as measured by euglycemic insulin clamp, and insulin resistance syndrome factors in thin and heavy children...

..The balance between the intake of animal and the intake of plant foods may influence renal vascular integrity as reflected by urinary albumin excretion...

..0083). INTERPRETATION: Fast-food consumption has strong positive associations with weight gain and insulin resistance, suggesting that fast food increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes...

..CONCLUSION: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that fibrinogen, possibly as a marker for chronic low-grade inflammation, is associated with modest deterioration of lung function in healthy young adults...

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..For these data, we cautiously accept the cross-sectional age slope as an estimate of ageing and the age-matched time trend as an estimate of secular trend...

..Knowledge of factors associated with low levels of plasma total cholesterol during young adulthood may help clarify the nature of associations between hypocholesterolemia and health or illness...

..This study examined the longitudinal relationships of oxidative stress biomarkers with the development of insulin resistance and whether these relationships were independent of obesity in nondiabetic young adults...

..Despite surging interest in taxation as a policy to address poor food choice, US research directly examining the association of food prices with individual intake is scarce...

..Guided by theory, this study explored cross-sectional differences in factors influencing adolescent eating behaviour including gender and socio-economic status (SES), and subsequently tested the longitudinal predictive power of the models...

..Because males also bear a higher burden of periodontal disease, we investigated the existence of gender differences in the postulated relationship between periodontal infections, tooth loss, and subclinical atherosclerosis...

..Thus, prevention, cessation, and avoiding passive smoking should remain strong goals among young people...

..In addition, these results demonstrate that cardiovascular risk in young adulthood is highly related to the degree of adiposity as early as age 13...

..We examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance and whether the association was independent of obesity and oxidative stress...

..There also was no association between refined grain intake and endometrial cancer. Whole grain intake may protect against endometrial cancer among never-users of hormone replacement therapy...

..Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) reduce ATP generation with concomitant increased release of heat. The activities of UCPs have been related to obesity and energy metabolism...

..The results for lycopene were, however, discordant from those of the other carotenoids...

..A dietary pattern emphasising nutrient-rich plant foods and high-fat fish and low in trans fatty acids was associated with decreased risk of MI among Norwegians...

..To clarify the effect of carotenoids on atherosclerotic risk factors, we examined the association of circulating carotenoids with inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and smoking...

..We tested the hypothesis that the incidence of non-cancer-related venous thromboembolism (VTE) is higher among adults with MetSyn and further, that associations are stronger for idiopathic than secondary VTE...

..The objective of this study was to describe the relation of serum fatty acids and desaturase activity (DA) to overweight, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in adolescents...

..This report further examines the prospective relationship of total serum cholesterol with subsequent intracerebral hemorrhage in a large, well-defined population...

..Although most observations in the Seven Countries Study suggest that cigarette smoking is harmful for health, universality of this conclusion remains controversial...

..The clustering of risk factors according to level of M(lbm) suggests that adult cardiovascular disease is more likely to develop in children with the greatest degree of insulin resistance...

..Further study is needed regarding the mechanisms behind this protection so that the most potent protective components of whole grains will be maintained when developing whole grains into acceptable food products for the public...

..A recent review of epidemiologic literature found consistently reduced cancer and heart disease rates in persons with high compared with low whole-grain intakes...

..93, 95% CI: 0.86-1.00). This study provides further support for a beneficial effect of flavonoid intake on lung cancer risk, especially among current and past smokers...

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..Insulin sensitivity increased nonsignificantly with birth weight...

..04 (0.93 to 1.17; P for trend=0.48) for phosphorus from other foods. These findings could indicate an effect of phosphorus in conjunction with other dairy constituents or of dairy itself without involvement of phosphorus...

..We evaluated short- and long-term mortality risks in 30- to 74-year-old patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina and developed a new score called PREDICT...

..Although walking is the most popular leisure-time activity for adults, few long-term, longitudinal studies have examined the association between walking, an affordable and accessible form of physical activity, and weight gain...

..Intake of caloric beverages is hypothesized to contribute to adverse health outcomes, but the beverages and populations studied vary considerably...

..These findings confirm previous observations that high intake of fruits and vegetables and that intake of whole grains and the fiber derived from them may reduce risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers...

..Coronary calcium has recently emerged as a marker of subclinical coronary heart disease. Although there has been much interest in race differences in calcification, heterogeneity within race or ethnic groups has not been investigated...

..46 (p = 0.03); per SD increase in insulin resistance, slope = -0.14 (p = 0.01)). In CARDIA, higher serum carotenoid concentrations are associated with lower risk of diabetes and insulin resistance in nonsmokers but not in smokers...

..Vegetables contributed only 8.9%. The systematic analysis presented here will facilitate research into the nutritional role of the combined effect of antioxidants in dietary plants...

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..The cardioprotective effect of LCω3PUFA intake has been recognized; however, the hypothesis that this benefit may be greatest with high Se and low Hg levels has not been investigated...

..Coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality continued to decline from 1985 to 1997...

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..Heme iron contained in meats and micronutrients contained in fruits may influence GGT metabolism. However, micronutrients taken as supplements had a positive association with GGT...

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..Away-from-home food consumption has rapidly increased, though little is known about the independent associations of restaurant food and fast food intake with body mass index (BMI) and BMI change...

..Case-control studies support this hypothesis, but prospective cohorts have had mixed results...

..49, 0.94) for > or =6 cups/d. CONCLUSIONS: Consumption of coffee, a major source of dietary antioxidants, may inhibit inflammation and thereby reduce the risk of cardiovascular and other inflammatory diseases in postmenopausal women...

..0001). We conclude that year 0 WC and long-term increment in WC are associated with worsening insulin resistance. However, the association of HOMA(IR) with slope of WC change may vary across the range of initial WC...

..98). Finally, total serum cholesterol was directly associated with higher risk of dementia mortality (p for trend=0.03). In men, cardiovascular risk factors in midlife are associated with increased risk of dementia death later in life...

..Aggressive nutritional support to maintain growth in these children may therefore improve FEV(1), which can be taken as a surrogate for better lung health, and may ultimately lead to better survival...

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..15 kg (CI, 0.06, 0.24), respectively] and waist circumference [0.08 cm (CI, 0.02, 0.14) and 0.12 cm (CI, 0.04, 0.20), respectively]. Fast food consumption may be an important target for the prevention of adverse metabolic health outcomes...

..We determined associations between diet soda consumption and risk of incident metabolic syndrome, its components, and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis...

..Gender, race/ethnicity, smoking status, and selenium supplementation did not appreciably modify these results. This study found no associations between toenail selenium and inflammation as measured by fibrinogen, hs-CRP, and IL-6...

..To examine associations of central adiposity, serum adiponectin and clamp-derived insulin sensitivity in a single longitudinal cohort from early adolescence to young adulthood...

..In this study, genetic correlations and heritability of insulin sensitivity measured using the euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp and related phenotypes were examined...

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..e., homeostasis model assessment [HOMA], quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [QUICKI], and fasting glucose-to-insulin ratio [FGIR]) or triglycerides to the insulin clamp in a cohort of children/adolescents...

..To estimate the association of age with maximal HR (MHR)...

..Paraoxonase may mitigate oxidative damage and thus lower risk of macrovascular disease...

..We studied the association between ICAM-1 and P-selectin concentrations and lung function in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study...

..Thus, we examined the association of circulating carotenoids with hypertension, a major macrovascular disease risk factor...

..These decreases in LOS were associated with increasing use of effective therapies...

..Statistical power to examine associations by colon site has been limited in previous studies...

..Further studies are needed to clarify whether antioxidants contribute to this apparent beneficial health effect of nuts...

..Although case-control studies have reported conflicting results for dairy foods and lactose, several cohort studies have shown positive associations between skim milk, lactose, and ovarian cancer...

..These data agree with the hypothesis that dietary antioxidants other than the well-known antioxidants contribute to our antioxidant defense. Surprisingly, the single greatest contributor to the total antioxidant intake was coffee...

..CONCLUSION: This ranked antioxidant food table provides a useful tool for investigations into the possible health benefit of dietary antioxidants...

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..Cross-sectional associations of IMT with socioeconomic status (SES) have been demonstrated in middle-aged cohorts. It is unclear whether these factors are associated with progression of IMT...

..These observations led us to hypothesize that a high intake of vitamin C in diabetic persons might promote atherosclerosis...

..There is accumulating evidence to support the hypothesis that whole-grain consumption is associated with a reduced risk of incident type 2 diabetes; it may also improve glucose control in diabetic individuals...

..Nonetheless, solubilization of supraphysiological concentrations of beta-carotene indicated the feasibility of preparing culture media containing physiological concentrations (approximately 0.5 mumol/l) of beta-carotene...

..These findings indicate that in the presence of high calculus scores, females with osteoporosis are at increased risk for attachment loss and that this risk may be attenuated by the use of estrogen replacement therapy...

..To determine patterns of subcutaneous body fat change from preconception through 6 weeks postpartum, and factors that modify them...

..Physical activity (PA) has been shown to improve insulin resistance and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in normal and diabetic adults and in obese youth, but not in non-diabetic, normal-weight children...

..CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Greater dietary heme-iron intake and/or supplemental iron were associated with an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, especially amongst those who drink alcohol...

..The updated version includes two new major headings of volunteer and religious activities, extends the number of specific activities from 477 to 605, and provides updated MET intensity levels for selected activities...