Research Topics
Genomes and Genes | GARY R contact HUNTERSummaryAffiliation: University of Alabama at Birmingham Country: USA Publications
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Publications
Weight loss and exercise training effect on oxygen uptake and heart rate response to locomotionGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
J Strength Cond Res 26:1366-73. 2012..Results suggest that moderately intense exercise is helpful in improving the ease of movement after weight loss. Exercise training may be helpful in increasing the participation in free-living physical activity...- Vitamin D intake is associated with insulin sensitivity in African American, but not European American, womenJessica A Alvarez
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1625 University Blvd, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
Nutr Metab (Lond) 7:28. 2010..The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that dietary vitamin D would be associated with a robust measure of insulin sensitivity in AA and EA women... - Genetic variation in a member of the laminin gene family affects variation in body composition in Drosophila and humansMaria De Luca
Department of Nutrition Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294 3360, USA
BMC Genet 9:52. 2008..Based on our results from Drosophila, we performed a human population-based association study to investigate the effect of natural variation in LAMA5 gene on body composition in humans... - Increased resting energy expenditure after 40 minutes of aerobic but not resistance exerciseGary R Hunter
Human Studies and Nutrition Sciences Departments, Room 205 Education Building, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294 1250, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 14:2018-25. 2006..The objective of the study was to compare the effects of 40 minutes of high-intensity aerobic vs. resistance exercise on REE 19 to 67 hours after exercise... - Resistance training conserves fat-free mass and resting energy expenditure following weight lossGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:1045-51. 2008.... - Inverse relationship between exercise economy and oxidative capacity in muscleGary R Hunter
Human Studies Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Rm 205 Education Building, Birmingham, AL 35294 1250, USA
Eur J Appl Physiol 94:558-68. 2005..Our results support the concept that exercise economy and oxidative capacity are inversely related. We have demonstrated this inverse relationship in women both by indirect calorimetry during walking and in muscle tissue by 31P MRS... - Increased strength and decreased flexibility are related to reduced oxygen cost of walkingGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Room 205 Education Building, 901 13th st south, Birmingham, AL 25294 1250, USA
Eur J Appl Physiol 104:895-901. 2008..Decreases in walking and grade netVO(2) were independently and positively related to increased knee extension strength and decreased knee extensor and plantar flexor flexibility... - Muscle metabolic function and free-living physical activityGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 1250, USA
J Appl Physiol 101:1356-61. 2006..In conclusion, physically inactive individuals tend to be more dependent on anaerobic glycolysis during exercise while relying on a glycolytic pathway that may not be functioning optimally... - Fat distribution, aerobic fitness, blood lipids, and insulin sensitivity in African-American and European-American womenGary R Hunter
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 18:274-81. 2010..17 to -0.21). Maintenance of favorable fat distribution and aerobic fitness may be important strategies for healthy aging, at least in premenopausal EA and AA women... - Effects of resistance training on older adultsGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
Sports Med 34:329-48. 2004..Impairment in strength development may result when aerobic training is added to resistance training but can be avoided with training limited to 3 days/week... - Exercise training prevents regain of visceral fat for 1 year following weight lossGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 18:690-5. 2010..More importantly, both aerobic and resistance training prevented regain of potentially harmful visceral fat... - Physical activity and muscle function but not resting energy expenditure impact on weight gainGary R Hunter
Departments of Human Studies and Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
J Strength Cond Res 19:225-30. 2005.... - Comparison of metabolic and heart rate responses to super slow vs. traditional resistance trainingGary R Hunter
Human Studies Department, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
J Strength Cond Res 17:76-81. 2003..The metabolic and cardiovascular stimuli were low with SST. Traditional resistance training increases energy expenditure more than SST does and thus may be more beneficial for body weight control... - Hemoglobin, muscle oxidative capacity, and VO2max in African-American and Caucasian womenG R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294 1250, USA
Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:1739-43. 2001.... - Muscle metabolic economy is inversely related to exercise intensity and type II myofiber distributionG R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 South 13th Street, Room 205, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 1250, USA
Muscle Nerve 24:654-61. 2001..53). These data suggest that skeletal muscle becomes less economical as force production increases, and that these decreases in metabolic economy may be related to increased dependence on inefficient type II muscle... - Tendon length and joint flexibility are related to running economyGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 1250, USA
Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:1492-9. 2011..The purpose of study was to determine whether quadriceps/patella and Achilles tendon length and flexibility of the knee extensors and plantar flexors are related to walking and running economy... - Resistance training and intra-abdominal adipose tissue in older men and womenGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294 1250, USA
Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:1023-8. 2002..The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of RT on fat distribution in 12 women and 14 men, aged 61-77 yr... - Age is independently related to muscle metabolic capacity in premenopausal womenGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
J Appl Physiol 93:70-6. 2002..These data suggest that, in sedentary premenopausal women, both oxidative and glycolytic muscle capacity decrease with age even when physical activity is taken into account... - Exercise economy in African American and European American womenGary R Hunter
Departments of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Room 205 Education Building, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Eur J Appl Physiol 111:1863-9. 2011..e. stretch-shortening cycle elastic energy savings differences rather biochemical differences contribute to the better flat walking economy observed in AA women... - Age, muscle fatigue, and walking endurance in pre-menopausal womenGary R Hunter
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 South 13th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294 1250, USA
Eur J Appl Physiol 111:715-23. 2011..In addition, these results support the hypothesis that age-related increases in metabolic economy may decrease MIF. However, decreased muscle strength and oxidative capacity are related to WE... - Age-related decrease in resting energy expenditure in sedentary white women: effects of regional differences in lean and fat massG R Hunter
Division of Physiology and Metabolism, Departments of Human Studies and Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 73:333-7. 2001..Lean mass and resting energy expenditure (REE) decrease with age. However, it is unknown whether age-related changes in regional lean and fat mass are responsible for the age-related decrease in REE... - Racial differences in energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in premenopausal womenG R Hunter
Division of Physiology and Metabolism, Departments of Human Studies and Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294 1250, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 71:500-6. 2000..Aerobic fitness, or maximal oxygen uptake (f1.gif" BORDER="0">O(2)max), and energy expenditure (EE) may be lower in African Americans than in whites... - Relationship between insulin sensitivity and in vivo mitochondrial function in skeletal muscleBovorn Sirikul
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291:E724-8. 2006..404 vs. -0.300), suggesting that muscle mitochondrial function contributed to the racial difference in S(I). Lower muscle mitochondrial function among AAs may in part explain lower S(I) among them... - Physical fitness, activity, and insulin dynamics in early pubertal childrenKrista Casazza
Dept of Nutrition Sciences an Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294 3360, USA
Pediatr Exerc Sci 21:63-76. 2009..Fitness was a stronger predictor of SI and AIRg than physical activity regardless of ethnicity; racial/ethnic differences in insulin dynamics were not accounted for by differences in fitness and/or physical activity... - The role of European genetic admixture in the etiology of the insulin resistance syndrome in children: are the effects mediated by fat accumulation?Krista Casazza
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 3360, USA
J Pediatr 157:50-56.e1. 2010..To evaluate the contribution of European genetic admixture (EUADM) to insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) in a multiethnic sample of children age 7-12 years, and to explore whether body fat affects this relationship... - Diet-induced changes in intra-abdominal adipose tissue and CVD risk in American womenKonstantina Katsoulis
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 17:2169-75. 2009..The changes in IAAT were significantly related to blood lipids, but loss of LF seems to be related to reduced improvement in TC and TG. Based on these results, interventions should focus on changes on IAAT... - Low resting and sleeping energy expenditure and fat use do not contribute to obesity in womenRoland L Weinsier
Department of Nutrition Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-1250, USA
Obes Res 11:937-44. 2003.... - Muscle metabolic function, exercise performance, and weight gainKotcha Larew
Departments of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294-1250, USA
Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:230-6. 2003.... - Cardiovascular factors explain genetic background differences in VO2maxJane L P Roy
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
Am J Hum Biol 18:454-60. 2006..05), whereas Hb and ethnicity were not. These results suggest that mitochondrial muscle oxidative capacity and oxygen delivery capabilities, as determined by O2Psubmax, account for most if not all of the ethnic differences in VO2max... - Comparison of self-reported with objectively assessed energy expenditure in black and white women before and after weight lossMarianne C Walsh
Division of Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-1250, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 79:1013-9. 2004..CONCLUSIONS: Premenopausal women overestimate PA estimates on questionnaires. Overestimation of PA in weight-reduced black women is greater than in weight-reduced white women and never-overweight black and white women... - Weight loss and race modulate nitric oxide metabolism in overweight womenCatherine P Fenster
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Free Radic Biol Med 37:695-702. 2004.... - Influence of distribution of lean body mass on resting metabolic rate after weight loss and weight regain: comparison of responses in white and black womenNuala M Byrne
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 77:1368-73. 2003..Little is known about the effect of weight change on regional lean body mass (LBM) distribution or on racial differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR)... - Insulin sensitivity in African-American and white women: association with inflammationTanya C Hyatt
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 17:276-82. 2009..001). In conclusion, greater IAAT among whites may be associated with greater inflammation. Insulin sensitivity was lower among African Americans, independent of obesity, fat distribution, and inflammation... - Adiponectin multimers and metabolic syndrome traits: relative adiponectin resistance in African AmericansCristina Lara-Castro
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:2616-23. 2008..Thus, HMW adiponectin may exert less bioactivity in explaining the metabolic syndrome trait cluster in populations of predominant African genetic background... - Ethnicity and weight status affect the accuracy of proxy indices of insulin sensitivityJessica A Alvarez
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:2739-44. 2008..If proxy indices are used in multiethnic populations, or in populations including both lean and overweight/obese subjects, data should be interpreted with caution... - Uncoupling protein 2 Ala55Val polymorphism is associated with a higher acute insulin response to glucoseAmanda L Willig
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 3360, USA
Metabolism 58:877-81. 2009..These results indicate that AIRg is associated with the -55C/T UCP2 homozygous mutation and that the presence of this mutation could alter postchallenge insulin concentration... - Effect of dietary adherence with or without exercise on weight loss: a mechanistic approach to a global problemPedro Del Corral
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 3360, USA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1602-7. 2009..Weight loss using low-calorie diets produces variable results, presumably due to a wide range of energy deficits and low-dietary adherence... - Perception of others' body size influences weight loss and regain for European American but not African American womenPaula C Chandler-Laney
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294 3361, USA
Health Psychol 28:414-8. 2009..Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry prior to and following weight loss... - Associations among body size dissatisfaction, perceived dietary control, and diet history in African American and European American womenPaula C Chandler-Laney
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
Eat Behav 10:202-8. 2009.... - Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone are independent determinants of whole-body insulin sensitivity in women and may contribute to lower insulin sensitivity in African AmericansJessica A Alvarez
Department of Nutrition Sciences and the Department of Pediatrics Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Children s Hospital, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 92:1344-9. 2010..Furthermore, African Americans (AAs) have lower insulin sensitivity and 25(OH)D concentrations than do European Americans (EAs); whether these differences are associated in a cause-and-effect manner has not been determined... - Glucose metabolism and diet predict changes in adiposity and fat distribution in weight-reduced womenBarbara A Gower
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 18:1532-7. 2010..The potential association between indexes of glucose disposal and changes in fat distribution warrants further study... - Respiratory quotient predicts fat mass gain in premenopausal womenAmy C Ellis
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 18:2255-9. 2010..This observation suggests that low postprandial fat oxidation may uniquely predispose obesity-prone individuals to accrual of adipose tissue... - IAAT, catecholamines, and parity in African-American and European-American womenTamilane E Blaudeau
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Obesity (Silver Spring) 16:797-803. 2008..The objective of this study was to determine whether the IAAT-parity relationship found in EA women exists in African-American (AA) women and to determine whether catecholamines play a mediating role... - Resistance training is associated with improved mood in healthy older adultsCharles L McLafferty
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294 1250, USA
Percept Mot Skills 98:947-57. 2004..These findings support the effectiveness of resistance training in improving mood in healthy older adults, although further study is needed to control for effect size, as well as cohort, social, and attentional effects... - Gender differences in resistance-training-induced myofiber hypertrophy among older adultsMarcas M Bamman
Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58:108-16. 2003..05). In summary, gender differences in load-induced myofiber hypertrophy among older adults cannot be explained by levels of circulating IGF-1 or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, or by expression of the myogenic transcripts examined... - Apolipoprotein A-II polymorphism and visceral adiposity in African-American and white womenCristina Lara-Castro
Division of Physiology and Metabolism, Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Obes Res 13:507-12. 2005..These results indicate a significant association between the T265C APOA-II polymorphism and levels of VAT in premenopausal women. This association is present in white but not African-American women... - Effects of weight loss on changes in insulin sensitivity and lipid concentrations in premenopausal African American and white womenBarbara A Gower
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Nutrition Sciences, 35294 3360, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 76:923-7. 2002.... - Association of the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein Ala54Thr polymorphism and abdominal adipose tissue in African-American and Caucasian womenCristina Lara-Castro
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1196-201. 2005..We conclude that women carriers of the FABP2 Thr allele have lower TAT and SAAT than noncarriers of the mutation. This association is present in Caucasian, but not in African-American, women... - Ethnic differences in triceps surae muscle-tendon complex and walking economyJohn P McCarthy
Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
J Strength Cond Res 20:511-8. 2006..These preliminary findings indicate the structure of the muscle-tendon complex could be a factor partially accounting for reported ethnic differences in certain types of athletic-related performance... - Physiological responses of skilled players during a competitive wheelchair tennis matchJane L P Roy
Department of Human Studies, School of Education, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
J Strength Cond Res 20:665-71. 2006.... - Polymorphism in the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene is associated with reduced insulin secretion in nondiabetic womenJulian Munoz
Department of Nutrition Sciences, 1675 Webb Nutrition Sciences Building, Room 241, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Diabetes 55:3630-4. 2006..Our data suggest that the TCF7L2 gene is an important factor regulating insulin secretion, which could explain its association with type 2 diabetes... - Physical activity in free-living, overweight white and black women: divergent responses by race to diet-induced weight lossRoland L Weinsier
Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 76:736-42. 2002..Black women are at greater risk of obesity than are white women, perhaps because of their lower levels of physical activity... - Visceral adipose tissue in women: longitudinal study of the effects of fat gain, time, and raceCristina Lara-Castro
Department of Nutrition Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Research Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1675 Webb Nutrition Sciences Building, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Obes Res 10:868-74. 2002..To determine the effects of fat gain, time, and race on the accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in a group of normal-weight premenopausal women... - Percent body fat is related to body-shape perception and dissatisfaction in students attending an all women's collegeJane L P Roy
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
Percept Mot Skills 103:677-84. 2006..Overall, data indicate these relationships except for Male Attractive were confounded by percent body fat, as participants with a higher percentage of body fat preferred larger shapes and were more dissatisfied with their shape... - Free-living activity energy expenditure in women successful and unsuccessful at maintaining a normal body weightRoland L Weinsier
Department of Nutrition Sciences, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
Am J Clin Nutr 75:499-504. 2002..Although physical inactivity is believed to contribute to the rising prevalence of obesity, the role and magnitude of its contribution to weight gain are unknown... - Prediction of maximal VO2 from a submaximal StairMaster test in young womenJane L P Roy
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
J Strength Cond Res 18:92-6. 2004.... - Reproducibility of endurance performance on a treadmill using a preloaded time trialRyan D Russell
Department of Human Studies, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:717-24. 2004.... - A festschrift for Roland L. Weinsier: nutrition scientist, educator, and clinicianDouglas C Heimburger
Department of Nutrition Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
Obes Res 11:1246-62. 2003..Sadly, Roland Weinsier died on November 27, 2002. He will be missed and remembered by many as a revered and beloved teacher, mentor, healer, and scholar... - Monitoring body fat in the elderly: application of air-displacement plethysmographyDavid A Fields
Department of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Oklahoma, 1401 Asp Avenue, Room 104, Norman, OK 73019, USA
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 7:11-4. 2004..As the test procedure is relatively easy to perform and quick, it may provide an improvement in body composition testing, especially in older individuals with poor ambulation and health... - Metabolic equivalent: one size does not fit allNuala M Byrne
School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland Univ of Technology, Victoria Park Rd, Kelvin Grove, Q4059, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
J Appl Physiol 99:1112-9. 2005..Using measured or predicted RMR (ml O2 x kg(-1) x min(-1) or kcal x kg(-1) x h(-1)) as a correction factor can appropriately adjust for individual differences when estimating the energy cost of moderate intensity walking (5.6 km/h)... - Sarcopenia in premenopausal and postmenopausal women with osteopenia, osteoporosis and normal bone mineral densityMarianne C Walsh
Northern Ireland Centre for Diet and Health, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
Osteoporos Int 17:61-7. 2006..Sarcopenia screening simultaneous to BMD examinations by DXA, may be of value in identifying osteoporotic women with sarcopenia, a group that may be most in need of exercise interventions to increase muscle and BMD... - IGF-I polymorphism is associated with lean mass, exercise economy, and exercise performance among premenopausal womenMardya Lopez-Alarcon
Medical Nutrition Research Unit, Pediatric Hospital, Siglo XXI, National Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
Arch Med Res 38:56-63. 2007.... - Resistance training improves metabolic economy during functional tasks in older adultsMichael J Hartman
Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman 73109, USA
J Strength Cond Res 21:91-5. 2007.... - Relationship between metabolic function and skeletal muscle fatigue during a 90 s maximal isometric contractionBovorn Sirikul
Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32:394-9. 2007..Additionally, the continued activity of CK at the end of 90 s of maximal exercise lends support to the concept of a CK shuttle facilitating energy transfer within the mitochondria... - Influence of endurance running and recovery diet on intramyocellular lipid content in women: a 1H NMR studyD Enette Larson-Meyer
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E95-E106. 2002..01 at 70 h). These results suggest that a certain quantity of dietary fat is required to replenish IMCL after endurance running...
Research Grants
- Frequency of aerobic/resistance training in older womenGary Hunter; Fiscal Year: 2009..Such information is critical to our understanding of ways to improve well being, quality of life, and independence of an aging population. ..
- EXERCISE TRAINING IN OBESITY-PRONE BLACK AND WHITE WOMENGary Hunter; Fiscal Year: 2005....
- Exercise Intensity, Metabolic Rate & Insulin SensitivityGARY R contact HUNTER; Fiscal Year: 2010..The results have potential significance for determining exercise strategies that may be beneficial for prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes, especially for obesity-and-diabetes-prone racial groups. ..