Ruben C Gur

..Therefore, the computerized scan has favorable reliability and construct validity and can be applied efficiently to study healthy variability related to age and gender...

..We conclude that the computerized neurocognitive scan can be applied reliably in people with schizophrenia, yielding data that support its construct and criterion validity...

..Thus, the biological changes commonly attributed to "aging" do, in fact, begin much earlier in the life-cycle...

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..002). The larger volume of cortex devoted to emotional modulation may relate to behavioral evidence for sex differences in emotion processing...

..These results encourage the use of this battery in studies needing an efficient assessment of major neurocognitive domains such as multi-site genetic studies and clinical trials...

..In this study, we examined facial expression differences based on duration and frequencies of emotion expressions...

..Earlier studies described gaze discrimination impairment in schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to compare gaze discrimination abilities and associated brain activation in persons with stable schizophrenia and matched controls...

..The authors used an affective face recognition paradigm to examine possible interactions between cognitive and affective neural systems in schizophrenia...

..In schizophrenia, reduced modulation of OFC/VLPFC by context coupled with reduced behavioural efficiency suggests impaired ventral prefrontal control mechanisms that optimize affective appraisal...

..Deficits in emotion processing are prominent in schizophrenia, and flat affect is resistant to treatment and portends poor outcome. Investigation of the underlying neural circuitry can elucidate affective dysfunction...

..Such abnormal integration may disrupt the evaluation of threat within fronto-cortical regions...

..The neural correlates of this dysfunction are unclear. Prior study has suggested that schizophrenia vocal affect perception deficits stem from an inability to use acoustic cues, notably pitch, in decoding emotion...

..Patients with schizophrenia improve episodic memory accuracy when given organizational strategies through levels-of-processing paradigms. This study tested if improvement is accompanied by normalized frontotemporal function...

..This study examined static facial expressions of emotions for evidence of flattened and inappropriate affect in persons with stable schizophrenia...

..In rodents and humans, cognitive deficits can be reversed by treatment with the alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist varenicline. This neuroimaging study examined the neural mechanisms that underlie these effects...

..Cerebral activity underlying abnormal attention can be examined with event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging...

..The results indicate that a network of frontolimbic regions may provide emotional bias signals during facial recognition...

..This study assessed the relationship between symptoms and cognitive measures at intake and functional outcome 2-8 years later (average 3 years) in first-episode and previously treated schizophrenia patients...

..We report initial results from the COGS dataset of auditory N100 amplitude and gating as candidate endophenotypes...

..The authors sought to measure the "other-race effect" in schizophrenia, which could account for previous findings and provide information about sensitivity to such social cues in patients...

..Frontotemporal abnormalities have been documented by using predetermined region-of-interest approaches, but deformation-based morphometry permits examination of the entire brain...

..These results indicate that activity in the amygdala and ventral striatum may be inversely related, and that both regions may provide opposing affective bias signals during emotion identification...

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..Neuropsychological studies have demonstrated verbal episodic memory deficits in schizophrenia during word encoding and retrieval. This study examined neural substrates of memory in an analysis that controlled for successful retrieval...

..Exploration of the genetic architecture of specific endophenotypes may be a powerful strategy for understanding the genetic basis of schizophrenia...

..However, the 2 patient groups did not differ in the neurocognitive profile except for verbal memory. We conclude that flat affect is an important clinical feature of schizophrenia that exacerbates the course of illness...

..Olfactory and emotion recognition abilities appear significantly linked in schizophrenia...

..The results suggest that reduced temporal-DLPFC connectivity in schizophrenia could underlie encoding deficits, and increased temporal-VLPFC connectivity may represent an ineffective compensatory effort...

..These findings provide evidence for scalable intrinsic reinforcement signals during standard cognitive tasks, and suggest a novel link between motivation and cognition during adolescent development...

..Such information is needed to incorporate behavioral data as neuropsychological "biomarkers" in large-scale genomic studies...

..Favorable construct validity in younger schizophrenia patients has been reported, but not in older patients. New variables afforded by computerized assessments were used to clarify age-associated cognitive impairment across the lifespan...

..Pharmacological modulation of emotion-processing deficits and related neural abnormalities may provide useful phenotypes for pathophysiological investigation...

..Results indicate that the fusiform cortex and amygdala respond differentially in the four target conditions (happy, sad, angry and fearful) along the dimension of threat-relatedness...

..This study investigates whether such endophenotypic patterns are found in FM via similar image analysis approaches...

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..The purpose of this article was to examine computerized neurocognitive measures as candidate endophenotypic markers of liability for schizophrenia in a genetically informative cohort...

..These results provide evidence for a contribution of impaired early-stage visual processing in emotion recognition deficits in schizophrenia and suggest that a bottom-up approach to remediation may be effective...

..Such results can pave the way for a video-based method for quantitative analysis of facial expressions in clinical research of disorders that cause affective deficits...

..Results suggest that performance differences on semantic tasks with limited retrieval demands in schizophrenia relate to difficulties utilizing higher-order categorization strategies...

..The two 9-item forms provide a 75% administration time savings compared with the 30-item form, while achieving similar item- and test-level characteristics and equal correlations to 60-item based scores...

..To our knowledge, this study presents the first use of index finger-tapping to study procedural learning in individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SCZ/SZA) as compared to healthy controls...

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..Age was associated with reduced peak HRF in left frontal region. Thus, indices of the HRF can be used to better understand the relationship between hemodynamic changes and performance and can be sensitive to individual differences...

..The authors evaluated cerebral blood flow response in schizophrenia patients during facial emotion processing to test the hypothesis of diminished limbic activation related to emotional relevance of facial stimuli...

..Salience of the task cues is a potential confounding factor in the fMRI pattern attributed to deception in forced choice deception paradigms...

..The results of this study suggest that older adults may rely on different cortical networks to perceive emotional facial expressions than do their younger counterparts...

..Comparisons are made with previous studies that used different facial stimuli...

..The correlations with symptom severity suggest that neuroanatomic abnormalities in OAR reflect compensatory brain changes...

..The model showed that higher levels of anhedonia and hallucinations increased the odds of a final diagnosis of schizophrenia. This predictive model was validated in a smaller group of patients...

..Given its pervasive nature, there is a need to quantitatively examine whether this dysfunction impacts functional outcomes. We used a meta-analytic strategy to combine results from several studies and examine synthesized effect sizes...

..These results encourage the use of such deformation based expression quantification measures for research in clinical applications that require the automated measurement of facial affect...

..In addition, a relation likely exists between SCT performance and age and education, but a larger sample seems warranted to reliably model the pattern...

..Memory remediation efforts may therefore be most successful if they focus on teaching patients to form organizational strategies during initial encoding...

..Activation in these areas was associated with worse positive and negative symptoms, but did not correlate with performance, suggesting inefficient rather than compensatory activation...

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..These results are the first to extend the face in the crowd effect beyond homogenous crowds to more ecologically valid conditions and thus provide compelling evidence for its legitimacy as a naturalistic phenomenon...

..The current study investigates whether providing semantic organizational strategies can also normalize patients' internal source-monitoring performance...

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..This suggests that brain systems subserving memory processes are more active when recalling relationship episodes with greater CCRT content...

..Divergent validity was established through low, nonsignificant correlations between the PCET and measures of facial emotion recognition, word and face memory, visuospatial function, and verbal reasoning...

..The authors used color photographs of emotional and neutral expressions to investigate recognition patterns of five universal emotions in schizophrenia...

..These results suggest that some effects of olanzapine may impact both symptoms and cognitive performance...

..This study examined event-related potential (ERP) responses to emotional faces in schizophrenia patients and controls to determine when, in the temporal processing stream, patient abnormalities occur...

..Cognitive dysfunction is common in schizophrenia and linked with psychosocial dysfunction. We examined the possible effect of a 16-week trial of donepezil on cognition in young persons with stable schizophrenia...

..Similar deficits have been described in the 22q11DS population using non-computerized measures, which require increased testing time...

..The study illustrates what will hopefully become a major component of the work of clinical and research neuropsychologists as invaluable participants in the dawning age of Big Science neuropsychological genomics...

..A model for the average expression of specific emotions was also constructed using the RVD maps. This method can be applied in basic and clinical investigations of facial affect and its neural substrates...

..Biological relatives of patients have similar deficits, suggesting genetic susceptibility. Because the impairment may reflect generalized object memory deficits, the authors evaluated both face and visual object recognition...

..Results support fractal n-back validity and indicate substantial overlap in working memory functions of dorsal and ventral PFC...

..Evoked anger is uniquely expressed more intensely and accurately on the side of the face that projects to the viewer's right hemisphere, dominant in emotion recognition...

..Our findings suggest that engagement of the mesocorticolimbic system is the neurophysiologic mechanism by which baby schema promotes human caregiving, regardless of kinship...

..Our study may represent an initial step in uncovering the neurobiological basis underlying the contrasting health consequences of psychosocial stress in men and women...

..8% for female subjects and 90.8% for male subjects), but also good stability with respect to the number of features selected and the size of SVM kernel used...

..Thus, the study provides impetus for future work in this area...

..These results support the central role of the amygdala in emotion processing, and indicate its sensitivity to the task relevance of the emotional display...

..This suggests greater correspondence than previously postulated between systems responsible for clinical symptomatology and those moderating neurocognitive dysfunction...

..This reduces the effort associated with scale administration and is likely to increase the assessment of an important functional domain. Such models can guide efforts for item reduction in other rating instruments...

..Unimpaired patients had fewer negative symptoms and dorsal medial prefrontal hypermetabolism. The authors conclude that categorizing patients on the basis of memory deficits may yield neurobiologically meaningful disease subtypes...

..Both serotonergic and anxiolytic GABAergic agents that modulate activation of the limbic system offer promising avenues for remediation efforts...

..The methodology can help bridge integration with neuropharmacologic and genomic investigations...

..Whether greater left hemispheric hyperperfusion reflects lateral dominance needs further examination...

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..The purpose of this article is to provide a description of the COGS structure and methods, including participant recruitment and assessment...

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..This novel integration of diagnostic, neurocognitive and genetic data will also generate valuable information for future phenotypic and genetic studies of schizophrenia...

..A significant correlation between amygdala activation and emotion recognition, but not age discrimination performance, emphasizes the amygdala's enhanced role during conscious emotion processing...

..However, the finding of differences between human and avatar faces in face-sensitive regions indicates the presence of mechanisms by which human brains can differentiate between them. This mechanism merits further investigation...

..Persons suffering from schizophrenia have impaired perception of emotional expressions, but it is not clear whether this is part of a generalized deficit in cognitive function...

..051). These results suggest that the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in inhibitory control can be manifested in stable personality predispositions and further implicate this region in the core characteristics of drug addiction...

..It has been proposed that social and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may result from impaired error monitoring...

..The authors conducted a multiplex, multigenerational family study using a genome-wide screen for schizophrenia and related neurocognitive phenotypes...

..The authors also sought to establish whether the deficit affects sensitivity or specificity of performance...

..This study tested the hypothesis that impaired working memory is a core deficit underlying multiple neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia patients...

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..The significance of these findings for the development and assessment of novel treatment interventions for schizophrenia is discussed...

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..001). The study did not reveal a specific deficit for emotion recognition in schizophrenia. These findings lend support to the notion that difficulties in emotion recognition are associated in schizophrenia with key cognitive deficits...

..This study compares the neurocognitive effects of olanzapine and low doses of haloperidol in patients with first-episode psychosis...