William B Grant

..Case-control and cohort studies generally find a variety of chemical, nonfat dietary, environmental, genetic, lifestyle, and reproductive factors to be important...

..The purpose of the current study was to determine how many types of cancer are affected by solar radiation and how many premature deaths from cancer occur due to insufficient ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation...

..Diet, aluminum, and viral infections may increase the prevalence of AD by eliciting inflammation, which may cause the neurological damage that results in AD...

..The objective of this research is to identify and determine the relative importance of dietary and environmental risk and risk reduction factors for prostate cancer mortality...

..Based on these results, it seems worthwhile to conduct observational, prevention and intervention studies to further test the hypothesis that vitamin D can reduce the risk of cancer incidence and death...

..Solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) and vitamin D have been found inversely correlated with cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates in many studies...

..However, the previous ecologic study of UVB and cancer mortality rates in the U.S. (Grant, 2002) did not include other risk factors in the analysis...

..Liver cancer and NPC are linked to viruses, and UVR may increase the risk through immunosuppression. Further studies are warranted...

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..These studies add further support for the role of UV-B radiation and vitamin D in reducing the risk of a large number of cancers...

..They also provide more evidence that melanoma and NMSC have different etiologies...

..Dietary iron and zinc affect the risk of cancer, with dietary iron generally correlated with increased risk and dietary zinc with reduced risk. However, zinc supplements have been found correlated with increased risk of cancer...

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..In Nordic countries, less skin is generally exposed (in head and neck regions, the most frequent sites of squamous cell carcinoma) resulting in reduced vitamin D production...

..81 (p < 0.0001). There was a protective effect of UVB irradiance on risk of breast cancer that was independent of fertility rate, proportion of the population overweight, alcohol intake, animal energy intake, and other covariates...

..These findings are probably still approximately correct, if not on the low side, with respect to vitamin D because of the additional benefits found recently, such as protection against infectious diseases...

..Another objective was to explore whether the annual prostate cancer rates correlated more strongly with the cumulative UVB exposure for the year or for exposure during certain seasons...

..In general, the evidence supports the hypothesis. However, further work is required to evaluate this hypothesis...

..Providing 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day for all adult Americans would cost about $1 billion; the expected benefits for cancer would be in the range of $16-25 billion in addition to other health benefits of vitamin D...

..This assumption has been questioned...

..Further study is required to elucidate the mechanisms and develop guidelines for optimal vitamin D sources and serum levels of vitamin D metabolites...

..Further research is required to confirm these estimates...

..It is noted that mechanisms whereby vitamin D exerts its effect are generally well understood for the various conditions and diseases discussed here...

..0001) were positively associated (R(2) = 0.68, p < 0.0001). Lower levels of UVB irradiance and higher intakes of calories from animal sources were independently associated with higher incidence rates of kidney cancer...

..This suggests that lower levels of solar irradiance might be associated with higher risk of ovarian cancer. Laboratory findings also suggest that low levels of vitamin D metabolites could play a role in the etiology of ovarian cancer...