Research Topics
| Howard L FieldsSummaryAffiliation: University of California Country: USA Publications
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Publications
Ventral tegmental area neurons in learned appetitive behavior and positive reinforcementHoward L Fields
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center and Wheeler Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
Annu Rev Neurosci 30:289-316. 2007..Consequently, identifying the neurotransmitter content and projection target of VTA neurons recorded in vivo will be critical for determining their contribution to learned appetitive behaviors...- Understanding how opioids contribute to reward and analgesiaHoward L Fields
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94608, USA
Reg Anesth Pain Med 32:242-6. 2007..The mesostriatal "reward" circuit, thus, appears to perform a function critical to decision making and can either amplify or suppress responses to noxious stimuli... 
Midbrain dopamine neurons: projection target determines action potential duration and dopamine D(2) receptor inhibitionElyssa B Margolis
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 28:8908-13. 2008..Therefore, in the VTA, AP duration and inhibition by D(2)R agonists may be valid markers of DA content in neurons of known projection target...- Orexin A in the VTA is critical for the induction of synaptic plasticity and behavioral sensitization to cocaineStephanie L Borgland
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110, USA
Neuron 49:589-601. 2006..These results provide in vitro and in vivo evidence for a critical role of orexin signaling in the VTA in neural plasticity relevant to addiction... 
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex contribution to behavioral and nucleus accumbens neuronal responses to incentive cuesAkinori Ishikawa
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 28:5088-98. 2008..These findings indicate that cue-evoked excitations and inhibitions of NAc core neurons depend on dmPFC projections to the NAc and that these phasic changes contribute to the behavioral response to reward-predictive cues...- Both kappa and mu opioid agonists inhibit glutamatergic input to ventral tegmental area neuronsElyssa B Margolis
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, 5858 Horton St, Suite 200, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
J Neurophysiol 93:3086-93. 2005..These findings show that MOP-R and KOP-R agonists regulate excitatory input onto each VTA cell type... - Delta-opioid receptor expression in the ventral tegmental area protects against elevated alcohol consumptionElyssa B Margolis
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 28:12672-81. 2008..Together, our findings demonstrate the protective nature of VTA DORs and identify an important new target for therapeutic intervention for alcoholism... - The ventral tegmental area is required for the behavioral and nucleus accumbens neuronal firing responses to incentive cuesIrene A Yun
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 24:2923-33. 2004..Our findings suggest a neural mechanism by which the dopamine-dependent firing of NAc neurons mediates goal-directed behavior... - Basolateral amygdala neurons facilitate reward-seeking behavior by exciting nucleus accumbens neuronsFrederic Ambroggi
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Wheeler Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
Neuron 59:648-61. 2008..These results indicate that BLA input is required for dopamine to enhance the cue-evoked firing of NAc neurons and that this enhanced firing promotes reward-seeking behavior... - Endogenous opioids encode relative taste preferenceSharif A Taha
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
Eur J Neurosci 24:1220-6. 2006..Our results indicate that endogenous opioid signaling contributes to the encoding of relative reward value... - Endogenous opioid blockade and impulsive responding in alcoholics and healthy controlsJennifer M Mitchell
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California at San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
Neuropsychopharmacology 32:439-49. 2007..Determining the biological basis of this dependence could have important implications for effective alcoholism treatment... - Dissociation of the role of nucleus accumbens dopamine in responding to reward-predictive cues and waiting for rewardKen T Wakabayashi
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
Behav Brain Res 154:19-30. 2004..These results suggest that waiting for reward without increased caloric energy expenditure does not require NAc dopamine... - Roles of nucleus accumbens core and shell in incentive-cue responding and behavioral inhibitionFrederic Ambroggi
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Wheeler Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 31:6820-30. 2011..Neurons with similar firing patterns could also have different effects on behavior due to their distinct projection targets... - Ventral tegmental area glutamate neurons: electrophysiological properties and projectionsThomas S Hnasko
Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
J Neurosci 32:15076-85. 2012..Thus, glutamate neurons form a physiologically and anatomically distinct subpopulation of VTA projection neurons... - Firing of nucleus accumbens neurons during the consummatory phase of a discriminative stimulus task depends on previous reward predictive cuesSaleem M Nicola
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville 94608, USA
J Neurophysiol 91:1866-82. 2004..These findings are consistent with a contribution of NAc neurons to both reward consummatory and reward seeking behavior... - The ventral tegmental area revisited: is there an electrophysiological marker for dopaminergic neurons?Elyssa B Margolis
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
J Physiol 577:907-24. 2006..We conclude that reliable physiological criteria for VTA DA neuron identification have yet to be determined, and that the criteria currently being used are unreliable... - Alcohol self-administration, anxiety, and cortisol levels predict changes in delta opioid receptor function in the ventral tegmental areaJennifer M Mitchell
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco 94608, USA
Behav Neurosci 126:515-22. 2012..These data also extend our understanding of the possible therapeutic value of the DOR for treatment of alcoholism by showing that its relevant synaptic action persists during abstinence... - Kappa-opioid agonists directly inhibit midbrain dopaminergic neuronsElyssa B Margolis
Joint University of California San Francisco University of California, Berkeley Bioengineering Graduate Group, San Francisco, California 94143 0775, USA
J Neurosci 23:9981-6. 2003..These results provide a cellular mechanism for the opposing behavioral effects of KOR and MOR agonists and shed light on how KORs might regulate the motivational effects of both natural rewards and addictive drugs... - Rat nucleus accumbens neurons persistently encode locations associated with morphine rewardPaul W German
Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurologyiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
J Neurophysiol 97:2094-106. 2007..This long-lasting change in population responses of NAc neurons to initially neutral locations is a neural correlate of the change in location preference manifest as CPP... - Immediate reward bias in humans: fronto-parietal networks and a role for the catechol-O-methyltransferase 158(Val/Val) genotypeCharlotte A Boettiger
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 27:14383-91. 2007..These results shed new light on the neurobiological underpinnings of temporal discounting behavior and identify novel behavioral and neural consequences of genetic variation in dopamine metabolism... - Inhibitions of nucleus accumbens neurons encode a gating signal for reward-directed behaviorSharif A Taha
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 26:217-22. 2006.... - Nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons target non-dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental areaYanfang Xia
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Wheeler Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 31:7811-6. 2011..We found that the NAc directly targets non-dopaminergic VTA neurons, including some that project back to the NAc. These MSN GABAergic terminals are opioid sensitive and act via GABA(A) receptors... - Contrasting effects of dopamine and glutamate receptor antagonist injection in the nucleus accumbens suggest a neural mechanism underlying cue-evoked goal-directed behaviorIrene A Yun
Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Eur J Neurosci 20:249-63. 2004.... - A single cocaine exposure enhances both opioid reward and aversion through a ventral tegmental area-dependent mechanismJoseph A Kim
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Wheeler Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:5664-9. 2004..Thus, through a circuit involving the ventral tegmental area, a single cocaine exposure enhanced both micro-opioid receptor reward and kappa-opioid receptor aversion... - How prior reward experience biases exploratory movements: a probabilistic modelPaul W German
Neuroscience Graduate Program, Department of Neurologyiology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
J Neurophysiol 97:2083-93. 2007..This finding sharply delineates and constrains possible neural mechanisms for a class of self-initiated, goal-directed behaviors toward previously rewarded locations... - Naltrexone aversion and treatment efficacy are greatest in humans and rats that actively consume high levels of alcoholJennifer M Mitchell
Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Neurobiol Dis 33:72-80. 2009..We conclude that naltrexone treatment efficacy is greater during active ethanol consumption and may be partly due to aversive side effects... - Encoding of palatability and appetitive behaviors by distinct neuronal populations in the nucleus accumbensSharif A Taha
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
J Neurosci 25:1193-202. 2005.... - Dopamine, corticostriatal connectivity, and intertemporal choiceAndrew S Kayser
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
J Neurosci 32:9402-9. 2012..These results indicate that raising cortical dopamine levels attenuates impulsive choice by changing corticostriatal function... - Alcohol consumption induces endogenous opioid release in the human orbitofrontal cortex and nucleus accumbensJennifer M Mitchell
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
Sci Transl Med 4:116ra6. 2012..These results also suggest a possible mechanism by which opioid antagonists such as naltrexone act to treat alcohol abuse... - Cue-evoked encoding of movement planning and execution in the rat nucleus accumbensSharif A Taha
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
J Physiol 584:801-18. 2007..These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a subpopulation of nucleus accumbens neurons contributes to the selection and execution of specific motivated behaviours... - A pause in nucleus accumbens neuron firing is required to initiate and maintain feedingMichael Krause
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Wheeler Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 30:4746-56. 2010..These results directly support the hypothesis that a significant subpopulation of NAc neurons inhibit palatable food consumption and that a pause in their firing is required to initiate and maintain consumption... - Isolating event-related neuronal responses by deconvolutionAli Ghazizadeh
Joint Bioengineering Program, University of California, San Francisco, USA
J Neurophysiol 104:1790-802. 2010..The improvements over PETH in analyzing real data are demonstrated using simulated data and a sample electrophysiological recording obtained from rats in a task involving responses to a reward predictive cue... - Varenicline decreases alcohol consumption in heavy-drinking smokersJennifer M Mitchell
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 200, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 223:299-306. 2012..Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:12518-12523, 2007) and in human laboratory and open-label studies (Fucito et al., Psychopharmacology (Berl) 215:655-663, 2011; McKee et al., Biol Psychiatry 66:185-190 2009)... - Prefrontal cortex mediates extinction of responding by two distinct neural mechanisms in accumbens shellAli Ghazizadeh
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Wheeler Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 32:726-37. 2012..The second is by increasing the basal firing of NAcS neurons that tonically inhibit reward seeking. These results identify the vmPFC and the NAcS as critical elements of the circuits relevant to suppression of inappropriate actions... - Local application of the cannabinoid receptor agonist, WIN 55,212-2, to spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis differentially affects nociceptive and non-nociceptive neuronsAlex M Papanastassiou
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0114, USA
Pain 107:267-75. 2004..Furthermore, the particular sensitivity of PDC activity, a measure of neuronal hyperexcitability, to cannabinoid receptor agonists may be relevant to the treatment of persistent craniofacial pain... - Cue-evoked firing of nucleus accumbens neurons encodes motivational significance during a discriminative stimulus taskSaleem M Nicola
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville 94608, USA
J Neurophysiol 91:1840-65. 2004..These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the firing of subpopulations of NAc neurons encode both the predictive value of environmental stimuli and the specific motor behaviors required to respond to them... - Kappa opioids selectively control dopaminergic neurons projecting to the prefrontal cortexElyssa B Margolis
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California at San Francisco, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:2938-42. 2006..Selective control of VTA DA neurons projecting to the mPFC has important implications for understanding addiction, attention disorders, and schizophrenia, all of which are associated with DA dysfunction in the mPFC... - Cholecystokinin is necessary for the expression of morphine conditioned place preferenceJennifer M Mitchell
Department of Neurology, Box 0114, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Pharmacol Biochem Behav 85:787-95. 2006..These results indicate that endogenous CCK modulates the incentive-salience of morphine-associated cues and suggest that CCK antagonists may be useful in the treatment of drug craving... - Impulsive responding in alcoholicsJennifer M Mitchell
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94608, USA
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29:2158-69. 2005..CONCLUSIONS: Non-alcoholic controls and alcoholics did not differ on motor impulsivity or non-subjective choice, suggesting that the differing choice behavior of the two groups was due mainly to differences in cognitive impulsivity... - Treatment response in antidepressant-naïve postherpetic neuralgia patients: double-blind, randomized trialMichael C Rowbotham
UCSF Pain Clinical Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94115, USA
J Pain 6:741-6. 2005..All 3 drugs reduced PHN pain, with desipramine providing satisfactory relief in 80% of those treated... - Reliability in the identification of midbrain dopamine neuronsElyssa B Margolis
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California San Francisco, Emeryville, California, United States of America
PLoS ONE 5:e15222. 2010..7±0.9 min; n = 10). Thus TH is a highly reliable molecular marker for DA neurons in VTA patch clamp recordings provided compatible microelectrode solutions are used... - Opioid modulation of ventral pallidal afferents to ventral tegmental area neuronsGregory O Hjelmstad
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Wheeler Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, and Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608
J Neurosci 33:6454-9. 2013..Both of these actions decrease GABAergic input onto VTA neurons, revealing two mechanisms by which endogenous or exogenous opioids can activate VTA neurons, including DA neurons... - Kappa opioid receptor activation in the nucleus accumbens inhibits glutamate and GABA release through different mechanismsGregory O Hjelmstad
Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, California 94143, USA
J Neurophysiol 89:2389-95. 2003..These results indicate that KOP receptor activation inhibits GABA release by reducing Ca(2+) influx, but inhibits glutamate release at a step downstream of Ca(2+) entry... - Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces an aversive teaching signalJoshua P Johansen
Department of Neurology, and The W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-784, San Francisco, California 94143-0453, USA
Nat Neurosci 7:398-403. 2004..Our results support the idea that a shared ACC pathway mediates both pain-induced negative affect and a nociceptor-driven aversive teaching signal... - A novel opioid receptor-mediated enhancement of GABAA receptor function induced by stress in ventral tegmental area neuronsElyssa B Margolis
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Centre, 5858 Horton Street, Suite no 200, Emeryville, CA, USA
J Physiol 589:4229-42. 2011.... - A single injection of the kappa opioid antagonist norbinaltorphimine increases ethanol consumption in ratsJennifer M Mitchell
Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, P O Box 0114, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 182:384-92. 2005..If KOR antagonists increase drug self-administration then it is likely that endogenous KOR agonists directly modulate drug intake... - The doctor's dilemma: opiate analgesics and chronic painHoward L Fields
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 200, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
Neuron 69:591-4. 2011..Because opiate analgesics are highly addictive substances, their use in the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain remains controversial... - Peptidergic nociceptors of both trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia express serotonin 1D receptors: implications for the selective antimigraine action of triptansSonja Potrebic
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 0452, USA
J Neurosci 23:10988-97. 2003..Our finding, that 5-HT1D receptors are distributed in nociceptors throughout the body, raises the possibility that triptans can regulate not only headache-associated pain but also nociceptive responses in extracranial tissues... - Should we be reluctant to prescribe opioids for chronic non-malignant pain?Howard L Fields
Pain 129:233-4. 2007 - The Asp40 mu-opioid receptor allele does not predict naltrexone treatment efficacy in heavy drinkersJennifer M Mitchell
J Clin Psychopharmacol 27:112-5. 2007 - Pain and the placebo: what we have learnedGinger A Hoffman
Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Perspect Biol Med 48:248-65. 2005.... - Isolating the modulatory effect of expectation on pain transmission: a functional magnetic resonance imaging studyJohn R Keltner
Pain Management Center, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, California 94143, USA
J Neurosci 26:4437-43. 2006..We propose that pain intensity expectancy modulates activations produced by noxious stimuli through a distinct modulatory network that converges with afferent nociceptive input in the nCF...