Ian H De Boer

..Obesity assessed in midlife has been associated with chronic kidney disease...

..Thus, despite substantial effects on vitamin D metabolism, paricalcitol did not improve glucose metabolism in nondiabetic patients with stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease...

..Current clinical 25-(OH)D targets based on associations with intermediate markers of bone metabolism may not reflect optimal levels for other chronic diseases and do not account for known seasonal variation in 25-(OH)D concentration...

..Insulin resistance is a risk factor for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases. Impaired kidney function is linked with insulin resistance and may affect relationships of insulin resistance with health outcomes...

..However, such studies are limited by the potential for confounding by indication. A large randomized controlled trial is now needed to test the hypothesis that vitamin D therapy improves clinical outcomes in patients with kidney disease...

..The present review examines the potential role of vitamin D in improving glucose metabolism and clinical health outcomes in chronic kidney disease...

..Microalbuminuria is a common diagnosis in the clinical care of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Long-term outcomes after the development of microalbuminuria are variable...

..Accelerated development of atherosclerosis may underlie, in part, the increased cardiovascular risk associated with vitamin D deficiency...

..Joint associations of albuminuria and impaired GFR with mortality have not been comprehensively evaluated in this population...

..Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are closely linked, but the long-term blood pressure effects of glucose-lowering therapy and hyperglycemia are not clear...

..Over time, the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) may increase due to the expanding size of the diabetes population or decrease due to the implementation of diabetes therapies...

..In conclusion, waist circumference predicts the subsequent development of microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. In contrast, no association of waist circumference with decline in creatinine clearance was observed...

..Albuminuria is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease progression, end-stage renal disease, cardiovascular events, and mortality. Animal studies suggested that vitamin D insufficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of albuminuria...

..Mounting evidence suggests that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D prevents the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is not clear whether "nutritional" forms of vitamin D affect GFR...

..We examined the effect of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of drug-treated diabetes in postmenopausal women...

..Abnormal lipoprotein metabolism has been implicated as a possible cause of these complications, but lipoproteins have not been described at the earliest stages of kidney disease...

....

..Insulin resistance is a complication of advanced CKD. Insulin resistance is less well characterized in earlier stages of CKD. The response of the pancreatic β cell, effects on glucose tolerance, and risk of diabetes are not clear...

..Our study shows that coronary artery calcification is common in people with stage 3 disease, progresses rapidly, and may contribute to cardiovascular risk...

..15-4.58). As expected, further adjustment for potential mediators led to some attenuation of effect estimates. In conclusion, insulin resistance is associated with a higher risk of PAD in older adults...

..Thus, chronic kidney disease is a state of stagnant vitamin D metabolism characterized by decreases in both 1,25(OH)(2)D production and vitamin D catabolism...

..Impaired vitamin D metabolism may contribute to the development and progression of diabetic kidney disease...

....

..Kidney disease and hypertension commonly coexist, yet the direction of their association is still debated...

..Whether these differences translate to better risk prediction will require meta-analytical approaches, as will determination of prognostic cutpoints...

..This study sought to determine the association of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with high ankle brachial index (ABI) measurement and to compare its strength with that of CKD with a low ABI...

..We evaluated the associations of apolipoprotein E alleles with kidney function among older adults in the cardiovascular health study (CHS)...

..Kidney disease is a risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular disease in older adults, but the separate and combined effects of albuminuria and cystatin C, a novel marker of glomerular filtration, are not known...

..To examine the effect of combined calcium and vitamin D3 supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) inpatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)...

..We therefore explored whether serum cystatin C level is associated with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in ambulatory adults without clinical heart disease...

..Alcohol consumption appears to be protective for cardiovascular disease; however, its relationship with kidney disease is unclear...

..High-protein diets, which are popular for weight loss, contain large quantities of phosphorus. Phosphorus excess and consequent changes in phosphorus regulatory hormones are implicated in vascular calcification and cardiovascular disease...

..To determine the association of chronic kidney disease and coronary artery calcium (CAC) incidence, and the distribution of lipoproteins across categories of kidney function and their association with CAC risk...

..We investigated whether fasting and post-glucose load measures of insulin resistance were related to incident ischemic stroke in nondiabetic, older adults...

..In persons with coronary artery disease, low body mass index is associated with greater mortality; however, it is uncertain whether low muscle mass is a risk factor for mortality in this setting...

..Higher phosphorus levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality. Whether vascular stiffness may be responsible is unknown...

..2%-29.6%) when further adjusted. We observed similar patterns for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality. In conclusion, those with kidney disease predominantly account for the increased mortality observed in type 2 diabetes...

..Disturbances in mineral metabolism are associated with lower bone mineral density and fracture; however, previous human studies have assessed individual mineral metabolism markers in isolation...

..00, 1.76) among never smokers in good health. Greater BMI is associated with PAD in older persons who remain healthy and have never smoked. Normal weight maintenance may decrease PAD incidence and associated comorbidity in older age...

..Adiposity is a well-recognized risk factor for type 2 diabetes among young and middle-aged adults, but the relationship between body composition and type 2 diabetes is not well described among older adults...

..Accordingly, we hypothesized that excess intake of these foods accounts for a relationship between lower socioeconomic status and higher serum phosphorus concentration...

..Surgical amelioration of secondary hyperparathyroidism may outweigh the risk of parathyroid hormone oversuppression in terms of bone health...

..Moderate kidney disease may predispose to infection. We sought to determine whether decreased kidney function, estimated by serum cystatin C level, was associated with the risk of infection-related hospitalization in older individuals...

..This study was conducted to evaluate mineral metabolism markers as potential risk factors for calcific aortic valve disease...

..Calcitriol use was associated with a greater risk for hypercalcemia. In conclusion, oral calcitriol use is associated with lower mortality in nondialysis patients with CKD...

..We aimed to identify common genetic variants affecting vitamin D concentrations and risk of insufficiency...

..Although obesity has been, in general, associated with glomerular hyperfiltration, visceral adiposity has been suggested to be associated with reduced glomerular filtration...

..However, there are limited data describing the prevalence or consequences of frailty in middle-aged patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)...

..0; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.9 per unit natural log PTH) and not associated with other co-morbid conditions. These factors should be considered when screening and managing SHPT in CRI...

..This study sought to determine the association of high ankle brachial index (ABI) measurements with left ventricular (LV) mass, and to compare its strength with that of low ABI with LV mass...

..Reasons for interindividual variation in steady-state serum phosphorus concentrations are largely unknown...

..Pentraxin-3 (PTX3), an inflammatory marker thought to be related to vascular inflammation, is elevated in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Whether PTX3 is associated with mild to moderate kidney dysfunction is unknown...

..It is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and an important potential therapeutic target in this population. Measurement of insulin resistance is reviewed in the context of known pathophysiologic abnormalities in CKD...

..05 for each). In conclusion, common genetic variants associate with serum phosphorus in the general population. Further study of the loci identified in this study may help elucidate mechanisms of phosphorus regulation...

....

..This paper summarizes the results of a consensus conference utilizing a patient case to discuss the integrated management of hypertension, kidney disease, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and heart failure across disciplines...

..New insights into the mechanisms and regulation of vitamin D metabolism may lead to novel approaches to assess and treat impaired vitamin D metabolism in chronic kidney disease...

....

..The goals of this study were to report one center's experience with leflunomide, specifically the correlation of leflunomide levels with the outcomes of BK nephropathy and the observed toxic effects during the treatment with leflunomide...

..This study will evaluate whether vitamin D3 and/or omega-3 fatty acids are safe and effective interventions to reduce the burden of DKD among the large and growing diabetic population. ..

..The ultimate goal of this work is to reduce the high morbidity and mortality in the large group of patients with moderate-severe CKD. ..