Research Topics
Species | Steve N CaritisSummaryAffiliation: University of Pittsburgh Country: USA Publications
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Publications
Prevention of preterm birth in triplets using 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate: a randomized controlled trialSteve N Caritis
Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Obstet Gynecol 113:285-92. 2009..To assess whether 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate reduces the rate of preterm birth in women carrying triplets...- Pharmacokinetics of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in multifetal gestationSteve N Caritis
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 205:40.e1-8. 2011..The purpose of this study was to define the pharmacokinetic parameters of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) in multifetal gestation... - Pharmacology and placental transport of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate in singleton gestationSteve N Caritis
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 207:398.e1-8. 2012..The purpose of this study was to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate placental transport of 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHPC) in singleton gestation... - Placental endothelial nitric oxide synthase in multiple and single dose betamethasone exposed pregnanciesHeather L Mertz
Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 204:545.e11-6. 2011..To compare endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and capillary density (CDS) in placentas exposed to single or multiple courses of betamethasone... 
The vaginal inflammatory milieu and the risk of early premature preterm rupture of membranesHyagriv N Simhan
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:213-8. 2005..CONCLUSION: Elevated vaginal pH and neutrophils are most strongly associated with early third-trimester PPROM, reflecting the importance of infection and/or inflammation in the pathogenesis of this condition...- Elevated vaginal pH and neutrophils are associated strongly with early spontaneous preterm birthHyagriv N Simhan
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:1150-4. 2003..All women were tested for sexually transmitted infections and vaginal pH. Gram-stained smears were used for the detection of neutrophils... - Decreased cervical proinflammatory cytokines permit subsequent upper genital tract infection during pregnancyHyagriv N Simhan
Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:560-7. 2003.... - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter gene polymorphism -308 and chorioamnionitisHyagriv N Simhan
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Obstet Gynecol 102:162-6. 2003..The TNFA2 allele is associated with increased production of tumor necrosis factor alpha. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between carriage of the TNFA2 allele and clinical chorioamnionitis... - Prevention of preterm deliveryHyagriv N Simhan
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
N Engl J Med 357:477-87. 2007 - Pharmacologic inhibition of preterm laborArun Jeyabalan
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
Clin Obstet Gynecol 45:99-113. 2002 - Interleukin-6 promoter -174 polymorphism and spontaneous preterm birthHyagriv N Simhan
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:915-8. 2003..We assessed the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoter -174 polymorphism and spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) less than 34 weeks and the relationship of polymorphism status with race... - Maternal and neonatal outcomes of repeat cesarean delivery in women with a prior classical versus low transverse uterine incisionTiki Bakhshi
Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
Am J Perinatol 27:791-6. 2010..Uterine dehiscence was present at repeat CD in 2.46% of women with a prior classical CD. However, major maternal morbidities were similar to those with a prior low transverse CD... 
A sensitive and specific CYP cocktail assay for the simultaneous assessment of human cytochrome P450 activities in primary cultures of human hepatocytes using LC-MS/MSVenkateswaran C Pillai
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
J Pharm Biomed Anal 74:126-32. 2013..Therefore, the final CYP cocktail assay consisting of five probes provides a robust method to simultaneously measure activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4/5 in primary cultures of human hepatocytes...- Maternal and fetal Toll-like receptor 4 genotype and chorionic plate inflammatory lesionsHyagriv N Simhan
Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 199:400.e1-4. 2008..The objective of the study was to explore the relation between maternal and fetal genetic variation in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and chorionic plate inflammation.. - Cervical anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations among first-trimester pregnant smokersHyagriv N Simhan
Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:1999-2003. 2005..This may have important impact on the host response to infection... - Human decidual cell Toll-like receptor signaling in response to endotoxin: the effect of progestinsHyagriv N Simhan
Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 198:119.e1-4. 2008..The purpose of this study was to determine whether progesterone, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone caproate modulate the Toll-like receptor (TLR) pathway in the response of decidua to lipopolysaccharide... - Metabolism of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, an agent for preventing preterm birth, by fetal hepatocytesShringi Sharma
Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
Drug Metab Dispos 38:723-7. 2010..In summary, this study demonstrates that fetal hepatocytes and, in particular, the fetal form of CYP3A (i.e., CYP3A7) can metabolize 17-OHPC... - Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir among pregnant and nonpregnant womenRichard H Beigi
Division of Reproductive Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee Women s Hospital, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 204:S84-8. 2011..Pregnancy produces lower systemic levels of oseltamivir carboxylate. Increasing the dose and/or dosing frequency of oseltamivir during pregnancy may be necessary to achieve comparable exposure in pregnant and nonpregnant women... - Spirometry is related to perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with asthmaMichael Schatz
Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente, San Diego, CA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:120-6. 2006..The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that maternal asthma symptoms and pulmonary function are related to adverse perinatal outcomes... - Midpregnancy genitourinary tract infection with Chlamydia trachomatis: association with subsequent preterm delivery in women with bacterial vaginosis and Trichomonas vaginalisWilliam W Andrews
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:493-500. 2006..CONCLUSION: In this secondary analysis, midtrimester chlamydia infection was not associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. Treatment of chlamydia was not associated with a decreased frequency of preterm birth... - Frequency of uterine contractions and the risk of spontaneous preterm deliveryJay D Iams
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1228, USA
N Engl J Med 346:250-5. 2002..CONCLUSIONS: Although the likelihood of preterm delivery increases with an increased frequency of uterine contractions, measurement of this frequency is not clinically useful for predicting preterm delivery... - Association of obesity with pulmonary and nonpulmonary complications of pregnancy in asthmatic womenIsrael Hendler
Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hutzel Hospital Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
Obstet Gynecol 108:77-82. 2006..To evaluate whether maternal obesity is associated with pulmonary and nonpulmonary pregnancy complications in asthmatic women... - Outcomes of induction of labor after one prior cesareanWilliam A Grobman
Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Northwestern University, 333 East Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
Obstet Gynecol 109:262-9. 2007..To compare pregnancy outcomes in women with one prior low-transverse cesarean delivery after induction of labor with pregnancy outcomes after spontaneous labor... - Previous preterm cesarean delivery and risk of subsequent uterine ruptureAnthony C Sciscione
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Christiana Care Health System, Newark, Delaware 19713, USA
Obstet Gynecol 111:648-53. 2008..To determine if women with a history of a previous preterm cesarean delivery experienced an increased risk of subsequent uterine rupture compared with women who had a previous nonclassic term cesarean delivery... - Differences in inflammatory cytokine and Toll-like receptor genes and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancyAlice R Goepfert
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:1478-85. 2005..This study was undertaken to estimate the frequency of inflammatory cytokine and Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms in women with and without bacterial vaginosis (BV) in pregnancy... - The Preterm Prediction Study: the value of serum alkaline phosphatase, alpha-fetoprotein, plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone, and other serum markers for the prediction of spontaneous preterm birthAtef H Moawad
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit Network, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:990-6. 2002..Elevated corticotropin-releasing hormone levels at 28 weeks are associated with spontaneous preterm birth at <35 weeks... - Uterine contraction frequency before and after successful tocolytic therapy for preterm uterine contractionsRoger B Newman
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 634, P O Box 250619, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
J Reprod Med 48:843-9. 2003..To examine the association between prelabor uterine contraction frequency (UCF) and the success of tocolytic therapy for preterm labor (PTL)... - The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units cesarean registry: chorioamnionitis at term and its duration-relationship to outcomesDwight J Rouse
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Research in Women s Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35249 7333, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:211-6. 2004..The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between chorioamnionitis and its duration to adverse maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes... - Frequency of uterine contractions in asymptomatic pregnant women with or without a short cervix on transvaginal ultrasound scanVincenzo Berghella
Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:1253-6. 2004.... - The preterm prediction study: elevated cervical ferritin levels at 22 to 24 weeks of gestation are associated with spontaneous preterm delivery in asymptomatic womenPatrick S Ramsey
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 186:458-63. 2002..Our objective was to determine whether elevated levels of ferritin in the genital tract may be a potent marker to identify patients at risk for spontaneous preterm delivery... - The MFMU Cesarean Registry: factors affecting the success of trial of labor after previous cesarean deliveryMark B Landon
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus, OH 43210 1228, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:1016-23. 2005..The purpose of this study was to determine which factors influence the likelihood of successful trial of labor (TOL) after 1 previous cesarean delivery (CD)... - Decision-to-incision times and maternal and infant outcomesSteven L Bloom
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
Obstet Gynecol 108:6-11. 2006.... - Pregnancy outcomes for women with placenta previa in relation to the number of prior cesarean deliveriesWilliam A Grobman
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Obstet Gynecol 110:1249-55. 2007..To estimate the association between the number of prior cesarean deliveries and pregnancy outcomes among women with placenta previa... - Antioxidants and the prevention of preeclampsia--unresolved issuesArun Jeyabalan
N Engl J Med 354:1841-3. 2006 - Bone metabolism in pregnant women exposed to single compared with multiple courses of corticosteroidsMary A Carroll
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
Obstet Gynecol 111:1352-8. 2008..To compare markers of maternal bone metabolism between women who received a single compared with multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids... - A randomized, controlled trial of magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsyDwight J Rouse
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
N Engl J Med 359:895-905. 2008..Research suggests that fetal exposure to magnesium sulfate before preterm birth might reduce the risk of cerebral palsy... - Cesarean delivery for the second twinJames M Alexander
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235 9032, USA
Obstet Gynecol 112:748-52. 2008..To examine maternal and infant outcomes after a vaginal delivery of twin A and a cesarean delivery of twin B, and to identify whether the second twin experienced increased short-term morbidity as part of a combined route of delivery... - Are women with recurrent spontaneous preterm births different from those without such history?Brian M Mercer
Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:1176-84; discussion 1184-5. 2006.... - A prospective masked observational study of uterine contraction frequency in twinsRoger B Newman
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 195:1564-70. 2006..Neither maximum am or pm contraction frequency predicted spontaneous preterm birth less than 35 weeks' gestation in twin pregnancies... - The relationship of asthma medication use to perinatal outcomesMichael Schatz
Allergy Department, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, 7060 Clairemont Mesa Boulevard, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
J Allergy Clin Immunol 113:1040-5. 2004..Maternal asthma has been reported to increase the risk of preeclampsia, preterm deliveries, and lower-birth-weight infants, but the mechanisms of this effect are not defined... - Randomized trial of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate versus theophylline for moderate asthma during pregnancyMitchell P Dombrowski
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 190:737-44. 2004..This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate to oral theophylline for the prevention of asthma exacerbation(s) requiring medical intervention... - Asthma during pregnancyMitchell P Dombrowski
Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48236, USA
Obstet Gynecol 103:5-12. 2004..The primary hypothesis was that moderate or severe asthmatics would have an increased incidence of delivery at <32 weeks of gestation compared with nonasthmatic controls... - Progesterone for prevention of recurrent preterm birth: impact of gestational age at previous deliveryCatherine Y Spong
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:1127-31. 2005..CONCLUSION: 17-OHP caproate therapy given to prevent recurrent PTB is associated with a prolongation of pregnancy overall, and especially for women with a previous spontaneous PTB at <34 weeks... - Prevention of recurrent preterm delivery by 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproatePaul J Meis
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA
N Engl J Med 348:2379-85. 2003..The results of several small trials have suggested that 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) may reduce the risk of preterm delivery... - Plasma CRH measurement at 16 to 20 weeks' gestation does not predict preterm delivery in women at high-risk for preterm deliveryBaha Sibai
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:1181-6. 2005..The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of a single second-trimester plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone measurement as a marker for preterm delivery in women at high risk for preterm delivery... - Maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor after prior cesarean deliveryMark B Landon
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Ohio State University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Columbus 43210 1228, USA
N Engl J Med 351:2581-9. 2004..The absolute and relative risks associated with a trial of labor in women with a history of cesarean delivery, as compared with elective repeated cesarean delivery without labor, are uncertain... - Spontaneous resolution of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancyJeanne S Sheffield
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas 75390 9032, USA
Obstet Gynecol 105:557-62. 2005..We sought to estimate the rate of spontaneous resolution of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy and to evaluate factors associated with its resolution... - Risk of uterine rupture with a trial of labor in women with multiple and single prior cesarean deliveryMark B Landon
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
Obstet Gynecol 108:12-20. 2006..To determine whether the risk for uterine rupture is increased in women attempting vaginal birth after multiple cesarean deliveries... - Complications of anesthesia for cesarean deliverySteven L Bloom
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 9032, USA
Obstet Gynecol 106:281-7. 2005.... - Trial of labor or repeat cesarean delivery in women with morbid obesity and previous cesarean deliveryJudith U Hibbard
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Obstet Gynecol 108:125-33. 2006.... - Single versus weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids: evaluation of safety and efficacyRonald J Wapner
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 195:633-42. 2006..The purpose of this study was to determine if weekly corticosteroids improve neonatal outcome without undue harm... - The MFMU Cesarean Registry: impact of fetal size on trial of labor success for patients with previous cesarean for dystociaAlan M Peaceman
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 195:1127-31. 2006..CONCLUSION: For women with previous cesarean delivery for dystocia, increasing birth weight in the subsequent trial of labor relative to the first birth weight diminishes the chances of successful vaginal delivery... - Fetal injury associated with cesarean deliveryJames M Alexander
Department of Obstetrics at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235 9032, USA
Obstet Gynecol 108:885-90. 2006..To describe the incidence and type of fetal injury identified in women undergoing cesarean delivery... - Blood transfusion and cesarean deliveryDwight J Rouse
Department of Obstetrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35249 7333, USA
Obstet Gynecol 108:891-7. 2006..To evaluate risks for intraoperative or postoperative packed red blood cell transfusion in women who underwent cesarean delivery... - Fetal pulse oximetry and cesarean deliverySteven L Bloom
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
N Engl J Med 355:2195-202. 2006..Knowledge of fetal oxygen saturation, as an adjunct to electronic fetal monitoring, may be associated with a significant change in the rate of cesarean deliveries or the infant's condition at birth... - The Preterm Prediction Study: association between maternal body mass index and spontaneous and indicated preterm birthIsrael Hendler
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Am J Obstet Gynecol 192:882-6. 2005..The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between prepregnancy maternal body mass index and spontaneous preterm birth and indicated preterm birth... - Development of a nomogram for prediction of vaginal birth after cesarean deliveryWilliam A Grobman
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
Obstet Gynecol 109:806-12. 2007..To develop a model based on factors available at the first prenatal visit that predicts chance of successful vaginal birth after cesarean delivery (VBAC) for individual patients who undergo a trial of labor... - Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveriesRobert M Silver
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
Obstet Gynecol 107:1226-32. 2006..Our objective was to estimate the magnitude of increased maternal morbidity associated with increasing number of cesarean deliveries... - Perioperative morbidity and mortality among human immunodeficiency virus infected women undergoing cesarean deliveryJudette Louis
Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Obstet Gynecol 110:385-90. 2007..To determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women have a higher rate of postcesarean morbidity and mortality compared with women without HIV infection... - A trial of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate to prevent prematurity in twinsDwight J Rouse
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Women s Reproductive Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham 35249 7333, USA
N Engl J Med 357:454-61. 2007..In singleton gestations, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) has been shown to reduce the rate of recurrent preterm birth. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether 17P would reduce the rate of preterm birth in twin gestations... - Comparison of maternal and infant outcomes from primary cesarean delivery during the second compared with first stage of laborJames M Alexander
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235 9032, USA
Obstet Gynecol 109:917-21. 2007..To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes when primary cesarean delivery is performed in the second stage of labor compared with the first stage...
Research Grants
- COOPERATIVE MULTICENTER MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE UNITS N*Steve Caritis; Fiscal Year: 2003..This wide diversity of patients makes our institution particularly well suited for the performance of clinical trials. ..
- NICHD Maternal Fetal Medicine Units NetworkSteve Caritis; Fiscal Year: 2007..The Network has shown repeatedly that meaningful research can be performed with pregnant women and that that research can be undertaken safely. ..
- Pregnancy and Drug Metabolizing Enzymes and TransportersSteve Caritis; Fiscal Year: 2007..The leadership has experience in collaborative endeavors and is prepared to cooperate with other OPRUs to conduct collaborative research. ..