A Bechara

..Thus, the strategies used to study decision-making in neurological patients have direct implications for understanding several neuropsychiatric disorders including addiction and pathological gambling...

..The implications of this theoretical framework for the normal and abnormal development of the orbitofrontal cortex are also discussed...

..The present review highlights recent progress made in this area of research...

..The authors use their results to question the evidence for the somatic marker hypothesis. Here we consider whether the authors' conclusions are justified...

..A third sub-population is hypersensitive to reward, so that the presence or the prospect of receiving, reward dominates their behavior...

..Thus, the dysfunctional VM cortex underlying the "myopia" for the future in some SDI may be one of the principle mechanisms underlying the transition from casual substance taking to compulsive and uncontrollable behavior...

..The results support the hypothesis that impairment in decision-making linked to a dysfunctional VM cortex is associated with at least a sub-group of SD...

..This 'myopia for the future' in VM lesion patients persists in the face of severe adverse consequences, i.e. rising future punishment or declining future reward...

..M. Martin et al., 2003). The authors suggest that the prefrontal cortex hosts multiple distinct mechanisms of decision making and inhibitory control and that ISDs may be affected in any one or combination of them...

..The IGT possesses many features important to medical decision making, such as weighing risks and benefits, dealing with unknown outcomes, and making decisions under uncertainty...

..Cognitive, behavioral, and emotional measures were moderately correlated...

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..Together, these findings suggest that drug of choice and sex have different effects on executive functioning, which, if replicated, may help tailor intervention...

..Although these results should be viewed as preliminary, they suggest that the vagus nerve is a conduit for afferent somatic signals that can influence decision-making...

..Future studies will benefit also from examining the association between awareness and cognition in larger samples...

..Our finding has important societal and public policy implications (e.g., choosing medical care, allocating personal wealth), and may also help explain why many older individuals are targeted by and susceptible to fraudulent advertising...

..The findings also lend support to the idea that the subjective process of feeling emotions is partly grounded in dynamic neural maps, which represent several aspects of the organism's continuously changing internal state...

..This study asks, does recreational use of +/-3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; marijuana) impair cognitive processes that help direct our safe movement through the world?..

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..Finally, we present data demonstrating that poor decision makers are more likely to fall prey to deceptive advertising, suggesting compromise of real-world judgment and decision-making abilities...

..Greater focus on the contribution of emotional dysfunction to the real-world competencies of patients with damage in the VM region may sharpen their neuropsychological assessment and facilitate rehabilitation efforts...

..men may use a more holistic, gestalt-type strategy, and women may use a more analytic, verbally-mediated strategy. Such differences could reflect asymmetric, gender-related differences in the neurobiology of left and right VMPC sectors...

..They also have implications for the use of denicotinized and low nicotine cigarettes as aids to smoking cessation...

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..These results are consistent with the notion that right vmPFC provides a neuroanatomical correlate of the normal variance in impulse control observed in boys...

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..The implications of these findings for the classical conditioning model, as well as for other learning models, are discussed...

..Using neurocognitive criteria could lead to more accurate subtyping of addictive disorders, and perhaps serve as a guide for more specific, and potentially more successful, behavioral and pharmacological interventions...

..The finding implicates this brain region in the acquisition of choice bias by means of a continuous updating of expectations about reward and punishment...

..This result suggests that the insula is a critical neural substrate in the addiction to smoking...

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..This research further demonstrates the role of emotion in decision competence...

..The present cognitive model provides a novel way for building a bridge between cognitive neuroscience and complex human behaviors...

..These preliminary data provide new and unique findings regarding the components of executive function mediated by prefrontal cortical systems that are impaired among HIV+ SDIs and their relevance to "real-world" behaviors...

..Thus, our results could have important implications for novel treatment approaches for substance dependence focused on emotional regulation...

..Intervention targeting affective decision making might hold promise for reducing adolescents' risks for substance use...

..Results suggest that a subclinical form of antisociality may have a paradoxically facilitating effect on decision-making and cognitive impulsivity among SDIs...

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..These results underline the important role that response inhibition plays in decision making, especially in risky situations, when knowledge of the probability of a given outcome becomes available (i.e. decisions under risk)...

..To test this hypothesis, we compared schizophrenia patients with (SCZ((+))) or without (SCZ((-))) cannabis use disorders, to healthy subjects, on measures of cognition and IGT performance...

..These preliminary findings suggest that self-reported drug of choice on admission to treatment may be associated with different patterns of executive performance during early recovery...

..HIV-associated WM defects are not critically dependent on the amount of time stimulus representations must be maintained and might be attributed to impaired encoding or retrieval of stimulus representations...

..Implications of these findings for future basic and applied studies of HIV and substance dependence are discussed...

..Our findings indicate that continued risk behavior among HIV+ drug users may be driven by sensation seeking (a personality trait common among drug users); however, the impact of executive functions is less clear...

..This suggests that premeditation is related to decision making influenced by somatic (or emotional) markers...

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..These findings demonstrate the potential contribution of cognitive models in building bridges between neuroscience and behavior...

..We tested the hypothesis that alcoholics exhibit greater cognitive disinhibition when the response to be suppressed is associated with alcohol-related information...

..Results have impact on the interpretation of deficient IGT performance in patients with frontal lobe dysfunctions...

..So far, it is unclear what aspects of addictive behaviors are related to a dopaminergic dysfunction...

..These results are consistent with the notion that distinct patterns of peripheral physiological activity are associated with different emotions...

..To study cognitive biases for alcohol-related cues on executive function tasks involving mental flexibility and response inhibition in polysubstance abusers with alcoholism...

..Here, we examine 2 distinct components of attention in abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals and social drinkers of alcohol, that is to say, the initial orienting to alcohol-related cues, and the maintenance of attention to them...

..Using the criminal law as an example, we discuss how new discoveries in neuroscience can serve as a tool for reprioritizing our society's legal intuitions in a way that leads us to a more effective and humane system...

..On the other hand, the caudate might support more concrete simulations of action plans to achieve rewarding situations in the near future...