Benjamin S Abella

Summary

Affiliation: University of Pennsylvania
Country: USA

Publications

  1. ncbi Improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality and resuscitation training by combining audiovisual feedback and debriefing
    C Jessica Dine
    Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Crit Care Med 36:2817-22. 2008
  2. ncbi The effect of real-time CPR feedback and post event debriefing on patient and processes focused outcomes: a cohort study: trial protocol
    Gavin D Perkins
    Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
    Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 19:58. 2011
  3. ncbi CPR quality improvement during in-hospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system
    Benjamin S Abella
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 73:54-61. 2007
  4. ncbi "Booster" training: evaluation of instructor-led bedside cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill training and automated corrective feedback to improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation compliance of Pediatric Basic Life Support providers during simulate
    Robert M Sutton
    Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Pediatr Crit Care Med 12:e116-21. 2011
  5. ncbi The prevalence of chest compression leaning during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    David A Fried
    Center for Resuscitation Science and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 82:1019-24. 2011
  6. ncbi Variability in case-mix adjusted in-hospital cardiac arrest rates
    Raina M Merchant
    Department of Emergency Medicine, The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    Med Care 50:124-30. 2012
  7. ncbi Quantitative analysis of CPR quality during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents
    Robert M Sutton
    Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
    Pediatrics 124:494-9. 2009
  8. ncbi Comparison of relative and actual chest compression depths during cardiac arrest in children, adolescents, and young adults
    Dana E Niles
    Center for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 83:320-6. 2012
  9. ncbi Neurologic prognostication and bispectral index monitoring after resuscitation from cardiac arrest
    Marion Leary
    Center for Resuscitation Science and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 81:1133-7. 2010
  10. ncbi Low-dose, high-frequency CPR training improves skill retention of in-hospital pediatric providers
    Robert M Sutton
    Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, 7th Floor, Central Wing 7C09 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Pediatrics 128:e145-51. 2011

Detail Information

Publications54

  1. ncbi Improving cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality and resuscitation training by combining audiovisual feedback and debriefing
    C Jessica Dine
    Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Crit Care Med 36:2817-22. 2008
    ..We hypothesized that a multimodal training method comprising audiovisual feedback and immediate debriefing would improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance among care providers...
  2. ncbi The effect of real-time CPR feedback and post event debriefing on patient and processes focused outcomes: a cohort study: trial protocol
    Gavin D Perkins
    Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, UK
    Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 19:58. 2011
    ..The CPR quality improvement initiative is a prospective cohort study of the Q-CPR real-time feedback device combined with post-event debriefing in hospitalised adult patients who sustain a cardiac arrest...
  3. ncbi CPR quality improvement during in-hospital cardiac arrest using a real-time audiovisual feedback system
    Benjamin S Abella
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 73:54-61. 2007
    ..We hypothesized that real-time feedback during CPR would improve the performance of chest compressions and ventilations during in-hospital cardiac arrest...
  4. ncbi "Booster" training: evaluation of instructor-led bedside cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill training and automated corrective feedback to improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation compliance of Pediatric Basic Life Support providers during simulate
    Robert M Sutton
    Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Pediatr Crit Care Med 12:e116-21. 2011
    ..To investigate the effectiveness of brief bedside "booster" cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training to improve CPR guideline compliance of hospital-based pediatric providers...
  5. ncbi The prevalence of chest compression leaning during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation
    David A Fried
    Center for Resuscitation Science and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 82:1019-24. 2011
    ..We hypothesized that leaning varies across resuscitation events, possibly due to rescuer and/or patient characteristics and may worsen over time from rescuer fatigue during continuous chest compressions...
  6. ncbi Variability in case-mix adjusted in-hospital cardiac arrest rates
    Raina M Merchant
    Department of Emergency Medicine, The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    Med Care 50:124-30. 2012
    ..It is unknown how in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) rates vary across hospitals and predictors of variability...
  7. ncbi Quantitative analysis of CPR quality during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents
    Robert M Sutton
    Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
    Pediatrics 124:494-9. 2009
    ..This study is the first to evaluate actual in-hospital pediatric CPR. We hypothesized that with bedside CPR training and corrective feedback, CPR quality can approach American Heart Association (AHA) targets...
  8. ncbi Comparison of relative and actual chest compression depths during cardiac arrest in children, adolescents, and young adults
    Dana E Niles
    Center for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 83:320-6. 2012
    ..We quantitatively describe relative anterior-posterior diameter (APD) depth, actual depth, and force of CCs during real CPR events in children...
  9. ncbi Neurologic prognostication and bispectral index monitoring after resuscitation from cardiac arrest
    Marion Leary
    Center for Resuscitation Science and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 81:1133-7. 2010
    ..We hypothesized that BIS values within 24 h after resuscitation would correlate with neurologic outcomes at discharge...
  10. ncbi Low-dose, high-frequency CPR training improves skill retention of in-hospital pediatric providers
    Robert M Sutton
    Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, 7th Floor, Central Wing 7C09 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Pediatrics 128:e145-51. 2011
    ..We hypothesized that a low-dose, high-frequency training program (booster training) would improve CPR skill retention...
  11. ncbi The first quantitative report of ventilation rate during in-hospital resuscitation of older children and adolescents
    Andrew D McInnes
    The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
    Resuscitation 82:1025-9. 2011
    ..Excessive ventilation is associated with worse clinical outcome after adult cardiac arrest. This study is the first to characterize ventilation rate adherence to AHA guidelines during in-hospital pediatric cardiac arrest resuscitation...
  12. ncbi Practical implementation of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest
    David F Gaieski
    Department of Emergency Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Ground Ravdin, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
    Hosp Pract (1995) 37:71-83. 2009
    ..However, clearly delineated instructions for how to induce, maintain, and conclude TH have not been published in a codified format...
  13. ncbi Timing of neuroprognostication in postcardiac arrest therapeutic hypothermia*
    Sarah M Perman
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Crit Care Med 40:719-24. 2012
    ..We sought to evaluate timing of prognostication in cardiac arrest survivors who received therapeutic hypothermia...
  14. ncbi Rescuer fatigue during actual in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation with audiovisual feedback: a prospective multicenter study
    Noah T Sugerman
    Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Resuscitation Science, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 80:981-4. 2009
    ....
  15. ncbi Incidence of treated cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients in the United States
    Raina M Merchant
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Crit Care Med 39:2401-6. 2011
    ..The incidence and incidence over time of cardiac arrest in hospitalized patients is unknown. We sought to estimate the event rate and temporal trends of adult inhospital cardiac arrest treated with a resuscitation response...
  16. ncbi A national analysis of the relationship between hospital factors and post-cardiac arrest mortality
    Brendan G Carr
    The Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 6021, USA
    Intensive Care Med 35:505-11. 2009
    ..We sought to generate national estimates for post-cardiac arrest mortality, to assess trends, and to identify hospital factors associated with survival...
  17. ncbi Early goal-directed hemodynamic optimization combined with therapeutic hypothermia in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
    David F Gaieski
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 80:418-24. 2009
    ..Due to the similarities between the post-cardiac arrest state and severe sepsis, it has been postulated that early goal-directed hemodyamic optimization (EGDHO) combined with TH would improve outcome of comatose cardiac arrest survivors...
  18. ncbi Approaches to improving cardiac arrest resuscitation performance
    Raghu R Seethala
    University of Pennsylvania, Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Resuscitation Science, Philadelphia, USA
    Curr Opin Crit Care 16:196-202. 2010
    ..Recent studies have documented many shortcomings during the performance of resuscitation care. We will review the various methods to improve the delivery of resuscitation care described in the current literature...
  19. ncbi Experiences of sudden cardiac arrest survivors regarding prognostication and advance care planning
    Bonnie Lau
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
    Resuscitation 81:982-6. 2010
    ....
  20. ncbi Cell phone cardiopulmonary resuscitation: audio instructions when needed by lay rescuers: a randomized, controlled trial
    Raina M Merchant
    Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Ann Emerg Med 55:538-543.e1. 2010
    ....
  21. ncbi Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training of family members before hospital discharge using video self-instruction: a feasibility trial
    Audrey L Blewer
    Center for Resuscitation Science and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    J Hosp Med 6:428-32. 2011
    ..This is especially the case for SCA occurring in the home setting, as family members of at-risk patients are often not CPR trained...
  22. ncbi Prevalence and hemodynamic effects of leaning during CPR
    Dana E Niles
    Center for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Resuscitation 82:S23-6. 2011
    ..Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) guidelines recommend complete release between chest compressions (CC)...
  23. ncbi Continuous chest compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation training promotes rescuer self-confidence and increased secondary training: a hospital-based randomized controlled trial*
    Audrey L Blewer
    Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Resuscitation Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Crit Care Med 40:787-92. 2012
    ....
  24. ncbi Cost-effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest
    Raina M Merchant
    Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars Program, the Center for Resuscitation Science and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2:421-8. 2009
    ..We sought to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of treating comatose cardiac arrest survivors with therapeutic hypothermia...
  25. ncbi Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest in clinical practice: review and compilation of recent experiences
    Emily Sagalyn
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Crit Care Med 37:S223-6. 2009
    ..We sought to review findings from recent literature on the postresuscitation care of cardiac arrest patients using therapeutic hypothermia as part of nontrial treatment...
  26. ncbi Hospital-based use of therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest in adults
    Noah T Sugerman
    Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Resuscitation Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
    J Neurotrauma 26:371-6. 2009
    ..Finally, remaining research questions and directions for future improvements in therapy will be discussed...
  27. ncbi Difficulty of cardiac arrest rhythm identification does not correlate with length of chest compression pause before defibrillation
    Benjamin S Abella
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    Crit Care Med 34:S427-31. 2006
    ..This preliminary work highlights the need for more research and training in the area of team performance and human factors during resuscitation...
  28. ncbi Haemodynamic management strategies are not explicitly defined in the majority of therapeutic hypothermia implementation studies
    David F Gaieski
    Department of Emergency Medicine and Center for Resuscitation Science, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
    Resuscitation 83:835-9. 2012
    ..However, the optimal PCAS haemodynamic management strategy has not been defined and few objective data exist to guide clinicians...
  29. ncbi Cardiac catheterization is underutilized after in-hospital cardiac arrest
    Raina M Merchant
    The Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
    Resuscitation 79:398-403. 2008
    ..We sought to evaluate rates of early catheterization after in-hospital ventricular fibrillation (VF) arrest and the association with survival...
  30. ncbi Leaning is common during in-hospital pediatric CPR, and decreased with automated corrective feedback
    Dana Niles
    Center for Simulation, Advanced Education and Innovation, The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street and Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
    Resuscitation 80:553-7. 2009
    ..No study has evaluated prevalence of leaning and the effect of real-time automated audiovisual feedback during in-hospital pediatric CPR...
  31. ncbi "Putting it all together" to improve resuscitation quality
    Robert M Sutton
    Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia, USA
    Emerg Med Clin North Am 30:105-22. 2012
    ....
  32. ncbi Automated external defibrillator availability and CPR training among state police agencies in the United States
    Lior M Hirsch
    Center for Resuscitation Science and Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
    Ann Emerg Med 60:57-62. 2012
    ..We seek to determine accessibility of automated external defibrillators and CPR training among state police agencies...
  33. ncbi CPR and postarrest care: overview, documentation, and databases
    David F Gaieski
    Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Chest 141:1082-9. 2012
    ..Documentation should be performed in a standardized fashion, using a consensus set of data elements known as the Utstein format, and can contribute to quality improvement, research, and billing efforts...
  34. ncbi Therapeutic hypothermia for neuroprotection
    C Jessica Dine
    Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
    Emerg Med Clin North Am 27:137-49, ix. 2009
    ..The focus is on resuscitative or postarrest hypothermia, the data that support it, and the practical issues pertaining to TH implementation...
  35. ncbi Risk of cardiopulmonary arrest after acute respiratory compromise in hospitalized patients
    Henry E Wang
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 230 McKee Place, Suite 400, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
    Resuscitation 79:234-40. 2008
    ..We determined the characteristics and clinical course of hospitalized patients experiencing ARC as well as their risk of developing subsequent CPA...
  36. ncbi Hypothermia and cardiac arrest: the promise of intra-arrest cooling
    Roger A Band
    Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Ground Ravdin, Philadelphia PA 19104, USA
    Crit Care 12:138. 2008
    ....
  37. ncbi Reducing barriers for implementation of bystander-initiated cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association for healthcare providers, policymakers, and community leaders regarding the effectiveness of cardiopulmon
    Benjamin S Abella
    University of Pennsylvania, USA
    Circulation 117:704-9. 2008
  38. ncbi Improving in-hospital cardiac arrest process and outcomes with performance debriefing
    Dana P Edelson
    Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    Arch Intern Med 168:1063-9. 2008
    ....
  39. ncbi Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest
    Benjamin S Abella
    Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Ill 60637, USA
    JAMA 293:305-10. 2005
    ..The importance of high-quality CPR suggests the need for rescuer feedback and monitoring of CPR quality during resuscitation efforts...
  40. ncbi Effects of compression depth and pre-shock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest
    Dana P Edelson
    Section of General Internal Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
    Resuscitation 71:137-45. 2006
    ..Strategies to correct these deficiencies should be developed and consideration should be made to replacing current-generation automated external defibrillators that require long pre-shock pauses for rhythm analysis...
  41. ncbi The challenge of CPR quality: improvement in the real world
    Marion Leary
    Resuscitation 77:1-3. 2008
  42. ncbi Prediction of countershock success using single features from multiple ventricular fibrillation frequency bands and feature combinations using neural networks
    Andreas Neurauter
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
    Resuscitation 73:253-63. 2007
    ..This may indicate that various simple VF features, such as median slope already reach the maximum prediction power extractable from VF ECG...
  43. ncbi Hypothermia and coronary intervention after cardiac arrest: thawing a cool relationship?
    Benjamin S Abella
    Crit Care Med 36:1967-8. 2008
  44. ncbi Intra-arrest cooling with delayed reperfusion yields higher survival than earlier normothermic resuscitation in a mouse model of cardiac arrest
    Danhong Zhao
    Emergency Resuscitation Center, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
    Resuscitation 77:242-9. 2008
    ..We hypothesized that a short delay in resuscitation to induce hypothermia before ROSC, even at the expense of more prolonged ischemia, may yield both physiological and survival advantages...
  45. ncbi Recommended guidelines for monitoring, reporting, and conducting research on medical emergency team, outreach, and rapid response systems: an Utstein-style scientific statement: a scientific statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitat
    Mary Ann Peberdy
    Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
    Circulation 116:2481-500. 2007
  46. ncbi Recommended guidelines for monitoring, reporting, and conducting research on medical emergency team, outreach, and rapid response systems: an Utstein-style scientific statement. A Scientific Statement from the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitat
    Mary Ann Peberdy
    Resuscitation 75:412-33. 2007
  47. ncbi Intra-arrest cooling improves outcomes in a murine cardiac arrest model
    Benjamin S Abella
    Emergency Resuscitation Center, Section of Emergency Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill 60637, USA
    Circulation 109:2786-91. 2004
    ..CONCLUSIONS: Timing of hypothermia is a crucial determinant of survival in the murine arrest model. Early intra-arrest cooling appears to be significantly better than delayed post-ROSC cooling or normothermic resuscitation...
  48. ncbi Induced hypothermia is underused after resuscitation from cardiac arrest: a current practice survey
    Benjamin S Abella
    Emergency Resuscitation Center, Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals, 5841 S Maryland Avenue, MC 5068 Chicago, IL 60637, USA
    Resuscitation 64:181-6. 2005
    ..We wished to ascertain the extent to which physicians were using this treatment, and what opinions are held by clinicians regarding its use...
  49. ncbi Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest
    Benjamin S Abella
    Emergency Resuscitation Center and Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals, Chicago, Ill 60637, USA
    Circulation 111:428-34. 2005
    ..CPR quality is likely a critical determinant of survival after cardiac arrest, suggesting the need for routine measurement, monitoring, and feedback systems during actual resuscitation...
  50. ncbi Therapeutic hypothermia utilization among physicians after resuscitation from cardiac arrest
    Raina M Merchant
    Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
    Crit Care Med 34:1935-40. 2006
    ..For improved adoption of therapeutic hypothermia, our data suggest that development of better cooling methodology and recent incorporation into resuscitation guidelines may improve use...
  51. ncbi Essential features of designating out-of-hospital cardiac arrest as a reportable event: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee; Council on Cardiopulmonary, Perioperative, and Critical Care; Counc
    Graham Nichol
    University of Washington, USA
    Circulation 117:2299-308. 2008
    ..Potential barriers to action on cardiac arrest include concerns about privacy, methodological challenges, and costs associated with designating cardiac arrest as a reportable event...
  52. ncbi Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: unintentional overcooling is common using ice packs and conventional cooling blankets
    Raina M Merchant
    Section of Emergency Medicine, University of Chicago Hospitals Emergency Resuscitation Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    Crit Care Med 34:S490-4. 2006
    ..Improved mechanisms for temperature control are required to prevent potentially deleterious complications of more profound hypothermia...
  53. ncbi Pauses in chest compression and inappropriate shocks: a comparison of manual and semi-automatic defibrillation attempts
    Jo Kramer-Johansen
    Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Ullevaal University Hospital, N 0407 Oslo, Norway
    Resuscitation 73:212-20. 2007
    ..We hypothesised that pauses are shorter for manual defibrillation by trained rescuers, but with an increased number of inappropriate shocks given for a non-VF/VT rhythm...
  54. ncbi Uniform reporting of measured quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
    Jo Kramer-Johansen
    Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Ullevaal University Hospital, N 0407 Oslo, Norway
    Resuscitation 74:406-17. 2007
    ..The recommendations are discussed in light of the different purposes outlined above...