Alice Lichtenstein

..In conclusion, at this time the Golden-Syrian hamster does not appear to be a useful model to determine the mechanism(s) of diet-induced development of atherosclerotic lesions...

..A limited number of human feeding trials indicate that walnuts improve some measures of antioxidant status, but not others...

..We tested for racial differences in age-related growth in waist circumference in a longitudinal cohort of black and white adolescent girls...

..These data suggest that, as previously demonstrated, the major CVD risk factor adversely affected by dietary trans fatty acids/partially-hydrogenated fat is LDL-cholesterol levels and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratios...

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..Such data are needed to allow reassessment and, if necessary, modification of current recommendations...

..As a result, we are in a better position to adjudicate new potential relationships as data emerge...

..Systematic reviews are a valuable and independent component of decision-making processes by groups responsible for developing science-based recommendations and policies...

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..This would include encouraging abstinence from smoking, habitual physical activity, avoidance of weight gain with age, and responsible limited alcohol intake (one drink for females and two drinks for males per day)...

..A variety of soybean oils were developed with improved oxidative stability and functional characteristics for use as alternatives to partially hydrogenated fat...

..Discussed are newer concerns about potential overnutrition in the current food landscape available to older adults...

..Acceptable alternatives must be adjudicated. Our objective was to assess the effect of a recent commercial fat substitution, corn oil for partially-hydrogenated soybean oil...

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..Our purpose was to determine the relationship between apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and apoB-48 and apoB-100 metabolism in moderately hypercholesterolemic humans...

..The evidence for the benefits of fish oil is stronger in secondary- than in primary-prevention settings. Adverse effects appear to be minor...

..0118). These data suggest that relatively large amounts of soy protein or soy-derived isoflavones had modest and limited sex-specific effects on circulating hormone levels...

..CR hamsters fed a 10 g/100 g saturated fat containing 0.1 g/100 g dietary cholesterol for 10 wk appear to be a good model for investigating diet-induced change in plasma lipids...

..009) but had no significant effect on LDL, HDL cholesterol levels, or FC-FSR. These data demonstrate that dietary protein type modulates circulating TG and cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic individuals by distinct mechanisms...

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..Careful selection of the highest vitamin E source foods within these groups could further increase the likelihood of meeting the current recommended daily allowance...

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..Despite this contradiction, the evidence promotes a food-based approach favoring increased intake of whole-grain cereals, fruit, and vegetables providing a mixture of different types of fibers for CVD prevention...

..These results suggest that the substitution of canola and soybean oils for butter results in lower nHDL-C concentrations that may be related to increased mRNA abundance of the LDL receptor, SREBP-2, and MTP genes...

..These data suggest that lower omega-6:EPA+DHA ratio diets lowered some measures of inflammation and Mphi cholesterol accumulation, which was associated with less aortic lesion formation in LDLr-/- mice...

..It is hypothesized that these deficits arise from metabolic insults that leave the brain vulnerable to alterations in insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism...

..HDL and adiponectin may represent significant mediators and potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis in HGPS...

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..The conference demonstrated the value of collaboration between the food industry and health and nutrition professionals, and this conference model should be used to address other food development, processing, and/or technology issues...

..HL deficiency may result in a lipoprotein pattern associated with low heart disease risk...

..Future research should investigate how this affects relationships between central adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk factors across these ages, and how using a power other than 1 might reduce bias and improve precision...

..Atorvastatin-mediated changes in cholesterol homeostasis may contribute to apoB PR regulation...

..Extended-release niacin effectively lowers plasma TG levels and raises plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, but the mechanisms responsible for these effects are unclear...

..Sixty-two percent of the variability in PR and 71% of the variability in FCR were due to BMI in men and only 3% and 23%, respectively, in women. In conclusion, BMI has a significant effect on apo A-I PR and FCR in men but not in women...

..These data suggest that an oil relatively high in palmitoleic acid does not adversely affect plasma lipoprotein profiles or aortic cholesterol accumulation and was similar to other unsaturated fatty acid-rich oils...

..In this study, we used qualitative methods to better understand knowledge and awareness about CVD in women, perceived threat of CVD, barriers to heart-healthy eating and physical activity, and intervention strategies for behavior change...

..We tested a community-based intervention designed to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in sedentary midlife and older women who were overweight or obese...

..Thus, our data demonstrate that storage at -80 degrees C up to 10 years does not significantly influence serum CE, TG, or PL fatty acid profiles...

..Information is scarce regarding the effect of dietary protein type, with specific focus on the lysine-to-arginine (Lys:Arg) ratio, on cardiovascular risk factors and vascular reactivity in humans...

..The magnitude of these alterations were similar between cases and controls and do not explain differences in outcomes with pravastatin treatment...

..Fruits and vegetables are substantially more nutrient-dense than items from other food groups. There is an imperative need for a simple, consistent method to guide consumers in making healthier food choices...

..Higher intakes of cereal fiber, particularly from whole-grain sources, are associated with lower total percent body fat and percent trunk fat mass in older adults...

..To investigate mechanisms underlying gender differences in serum lipoprotein concentrations, the kinetic behavior of apoB-100 was assessed...

..These data suggest that impaired cholesterol homeostasis, reflected by lower synthesis and higher absorption marker concentrations, are highly significant independent predictors of prevalent CVD in this study population...

..Female and male subjects responded similarly. The TLC/Step 2 diet resulted in a decrease in some CVD risk factors and no apparent adverse effects in others...

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..Few side-effects of plant sterols have been reported, with the exception of decreased levels of circulating carotenoids...

..Several clinical trials have suggested that soy intake decreases oxidative stress. Soy isoflavones have antioxidant properties in vitro, but results of supplementation in clinical trials are inconclusive...

..To determine mechanisms contributing to the altered lipoprotein profile associated with aging and menopause, apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) and apoA-I kinetic behavior was assessed...

..00, 95% confidence interval 0.96 to 1.05). The available data (mostly derived from older studies with important methodologic limitations) do not demonstrate a consistent, clinically important benefit of fish oil in kidney transplantation...

..It is not known whether omega-3 fatty-acid supplementation has antiarrhythmic effects in other disease settings not related to ischemia...

..These data are consistent with the concept that middle aged/elderly men may have a more favorable lipoprotein response to a low fat, low cholesterol diet than postmenopausal women...

..The magnitude of the effect of soy protein on lipoprotein concentrations is variable. This discordance is likely attributable to the various forms of soy protein used and to unrecognized shifts in dietary fatty acid, cholesterol, and fiber...

..Emphasis is placed on the strengths, technical and interpretational limitations and their applicability for use in metabolic, small-scale outpatient, population and large-scale intervention studies...

..26, P < 0.005) and negatively associated with a percent change in beta-sitosterol (r = -0.21, P < 0.01). These data suggest that changes in stenosis were attributable, in part, to changes in cholesterol metabolism...

..001). These data emphasize that the use of different approaches for the assessment of vitamin K absorption can result in disparate conclusions...

..The objective of this study was to assess the independent effect of soy relative to common sources of animal protein and soy-derived isoflavones on blood lipids...

..The use of longitudinal data to investigate the relation between changes in fat distribution and the emergence of risk factors is limited...

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..05) relative to animal protein. Isoflavones did not affect these LDL particle characteristics. Soy protein shifted LDL particle distribution to a less atherogenic pattern and this effect is independent of soy's isoflavone component...

..This scientific statement summarizes current available information on cardiovascular nutrition in children and makes recommendations for both primordial and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease beginning at a young age...

..Consistent with higher reported fish intake, higher levels of plasma TG and PL DHA are associated with less progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with CAD...

..By adhering to these diet and lifestyle recommendations, Americans can substantially reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States...

..In addition, greater physical activity and responsible sunlight exposure should be encouraged to promote vitamin D adequacy...

..Neither diet affected VLDL and LDL particle size. Our data indicate that within the context of a diet restricted in fat and cholesterol, a higher fish content favorably affects VLDL and HDL subspecies...

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..This might be a clinically important benefit, considering the decline of T cell-mediated immune functions with aging and evidence of impaired immune function associated with hypercholesterolemia...

..The evidence regarding the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on hs-CRP is inconclusive, as are data on ALA...

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..The results of this study provide support for the hypothesis that moderate caloric restriction in humans may have a beneficial effect on cell-mediated immunity such as those reported in calorie-restricted rodents...

..The goals of these systematic reviews, the processes that were used, the benefits and limitations of the collaboration, and the conclusions of the reviews, including recommendations for future research, are summarized here...

..The results of these studies, whether positive or negative, should contribute to the data base on which to formulate more specific public health recommendations with respect to decreasing risk of developing CHD. ..

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..The symposia, seminars and meetings of institutions in the greater Boston area further serve to supplement these resources. ..

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..The investigators state that data derived from the proposed studies could contribute to the database on which to formulate more specific public health recommendations regarding the variables described. ..

..S., a public health problem that threatens to overwhelm our healthcare system. (End of Abstract) ..