A S Levey

..Physicians who prescribe low-protein diets must carefully monitor patients' protein and energy intake and nutritional status...

..Serum creatinine concentration is widely used as an index of renal function, but this concentration is affected by factors other than glomerular filtration rate (GFR)...

..The authors suggest that physicians incorporate the results of these secondary analyses into their interpretation of the findings of the MDRD Study...

..In such patients, the primary emphasis should be on delaying progression of kidney disease...

..Cardiovascular diseases are the most common causes of death among chronic hemodialysis patients, yet the risk factors for these events have not been well established...

..Transplantation has a beneficial rather than adverse effect on long-term survival in anti-HCV positive patients. Hence, anti-HCV positive status alone is not a contraindication for renal transplantation...

..However, there is a stronger association between serum leptin and indices of body fat and gender in patients in the earlier stages of chronic kidney disease. 50% of the variability remains unexplained in patients with reduced GFR...

..We propose that risk factor reduction strategies used to prevent CVD in the general population also be applied to patients with CRD, with the hope of preventing progression of renal disease, as well as preventing CVD...

..Coronary heart disease (CHD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Prevention of CHD in ESRD requires identification and treatment of coronary risk factors in chronic renal insufficiency (CRI)...

..However, to date, the effect of the type and number of infecting HCV genotypes on survival among ESRD patients has not been carefully examined, and this was the objective of this study...

..Prevention and management of CVD is similar to the general population but important differences need to be noted...

..When focusing only on individuals with the worst quartile of white cell count and albumin, results remained consistent...

..It is also useful for assessment of diet and nutritional status and need to start dialysis...

..The current level of urine protein excretion is a modifiable risk factor for the progression of non-diabetic renal disease. ACE inhibitors provide greater beneficial effect at all levels of current urine protein excretion...

..CONCLUSIONS: Decreased kidney function and anemia are risk factors for all-cause mortality in patients with LV dysfunction, especially when both are present. These relationships need to be confirmed in additional studies...

..73 m(2) . In conclusion, in stable kidney transplant recipients, lower eGFR is independently associated with adverse events, suggesting that reduced kidney function itself rather than preexisting comorbidity may lead to CVD...

..The authors recommend using prediction equations in clinical practice to estimate the level of glomerular filtration rate...

..Efforts to resolve this important issue will advance the search for effective Hcy-lowering therapies in patients with renal disease...

..KDIGO will work in collaboration with international and national public health organizations to facilitate implementation of these recommendations...

..Chronic renal insufficiency leads to muscle wasting, which may be exacerbated by low-protein diets prescribed to delay disease progression. Resistance training increases protein utilization and muscle mass...

..We describe the instrument, its implementation in the HEMO Study, and the results of comorbidity assessment in the first 1000 randomized patients in the trial...

..Further refinement of the system will be required for grading of evidence on questions other than those related to intervention effects, such as diagnostic accuracy and prognosis...

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