Dolores D Mruk

..Other factors such as proteases, protease inhibitors, GTPases, kinases, and phosphatases also come into play. In this review, we focus on this cellular phenomenon, recapping recent developments in the field...

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..In this article, we highlight the latest developments regarding contraceptive delivery to men and with the aim of providing useful information for investigators in future studies...

..Herein, we discuss a novel approach with the aim of developing a nonhormonal male contraceptive for future human use, one that involves perturbing adhesion between Sertoli and germ cells in the testis...

..In this mini-review, we provide an overview of Rab GTPase structure, function, and regulation, while placing added emphasis on the role of Rabs in cell junction dynamics in the testis...

..5 microg Adjudin per kg b.w. was administered intraperitoneally, which was similar to results when 50 mg per kg b.w. was given orally. This represents a substantial increase in Adjudin's selectivity and efficacy as a male contraceptive...

..In addition to its role in conferring cell adhesion formation, the p-FAK/c-Src protein complex apparently also regulates apical ES disruption via the ERK signaling pathway...

..These findings indicate that P-glycoprotein is involved in BTB restructuring during spermatogenesis but that P-glycoprotein-mediated restructuring does not "open up" the BTB to make it freely permeable to drugs...

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..Thus, this may permit the occludin/ZO-1 complexes to maintain the BTB integrity when the cadherin/catenin complexes are dissociated to facilitate germ cell movement...

..In summary, these results illustrate that the cadherin/catenin is a crucial cell adhesion complex that regulates AJ dynamics in the testis, and its functionality is likely modulated by the MTMR2/c-Src protein complex...

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..e., occludin and ZO-1) decreased. Taken collectively, these results suggest that sGC participates in the remodeling of cell junctions during spermatogenesis...

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..Taken collectively, these results suggest that RAB13 functions in ectoplasmic specialization dynamics in the testis...

..Collectively, these results suggest that SMS2 may play a crucial role in the lipid metabolism in acrosome formation and the plasma membrane restructuring from late round spermatids to early elongating spermatids...

..In summary, the use of an FSH mutant-occludin peptide conjugate is a feasible nanodevice to transiently compromise the BTB...

..In summary, bisphenol A reversibly perturbs the integrity of the blood-testis barrier in Sertoli cells in vitro, which can also serve as a suitable model for studying the dynamics of the blood-testis barrier...

..g., apical ES) in the testis. The biology and regulation based on recent studies in the testis are of interest to cell biologists in the field, in particular their regulation, which perhaps is applicable to tumorigenesis...

..These results illustrate that the interactions among IQGAP1, Cdc42, and beta-catenin are crucial to the regulation of Sertoli-germ cell, but not Sertoli-Sertoli cell, AJ dynamics in the seminiferous epithelium...

..In summary, c-Yes regulates BTB and apical ES integrity by maintaining proper distribution of integral membrane proteins and actin filament organization at these sites...

..Furthermore, FAK was shown to be a molecular target of cadmium because its knockdown would desensitize Sertoli cells to cadmium-induced TJ barrier disruption. In summary, FAK is a unique regulator of BTB dynamics in the testis...

..In summary, Cdc42 is a crucial regulatory component in the TGF-beta3-mediated cascade of events that leads to the disruption of the TJ fibrils above the preleptotene spermatocytes to facilitate their transit...

..We hereby propose a novel regulatory protein complex composed of desmoglein-2, desmocollin-2, c-Src, coxsackie and adenovirus receptor and zonula occludens-1 at the blood-testis barrier...

..Collectively, these results illustrate that while these adaptors are structurally associated with the cadherin/catenin complex in the testis, they are regulated differently...

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..g., occludin, claudin-11 and JAM-A) was noted when testis lysates from Adjudin-treated rats were used for co-immunoprecipitation experiments, suggesting that P-gp may enhance BTB function during Sertoli-germ cell junction restructuring...

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..g. claudin-11 and occludin) to the BTB. Thus, rpS6 in the mTORC1 pathway regulates BTB restructuring via its effects on the F-actin organization and protein recruitment at the BTB...

..In summary, Fer kinase structurally associates with the N-cadherin/catenin protein complex in the testis and can possibly be used to mediate signaling function via the cadherin/catenin protein complex...

..In summary, CNP secreted by Sertoli and germ cells into the BTB microenvironment regulates BTB dynamics during spermatogenesis...

..These findings provide a new window of research for investigators in the field to tackle the functional regulation of spermatogenesis...

..It is possible that the receptor utilized by viral pathogens to breakthrough the epithelial barrier was also employed by developing germ cells to migrate through the inter-Sertoli cell junctions...

..In this review, we highlight some of the recent advances and obstacles regarding the possible use of adjudin as a male contraceptive...

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..These results illustrate that the CDH2/CATNB-mediated adhesion function in the testis is regulated, at least in part, via the NOS/cGMP/PRKG/CATNB pathway...

..However, TGF-beta3 selectively disrupts Sertoli-germ cell adhesion in the seminiferous epithelium to facilitate germ cell migration without compromising BTB when TbetaRI interacts only with adaptor CD2AP...

..In summary, this report demonstrates for the first time that BTB dynamics are regulated by TGF-beta3 and TNFalpha via an enhancement of protein endocytosis at the BTB...

..In summary, Cx43 is crucial for TJ reassembly at the BTB during its cyclic restructuring throughout the seminiferous epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis...

..We discuss herein the mechanisms that maintain the cross-talk between ES and blood-testis barrier to facilitate cell movement and orientation in the seminiferous epithelium...

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..Lastly, we describe a working model, which can be used to design future functional experiments to explore the involvement of FAK in BTB dynamics by investigators in the field...

..Thus, these findings demonstrate that FAK is an integrated regulatory component of the occludin-ZO-1 protein complex, suggesting that functional studies can be performed to study the role of FAK in BTB dynamics...

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..In short, filamin A participates in BTB assembly by regulating protein recruitment during postnatal development in the rat testis...

..Taken collectively, these results suggest that Rab4A participates in adherens junction dynamics...

..Besides, we highlight important areas of research that can now be undertaken, and functional studies that can be designed to tackle different issues pertinent to junction restructuring during spermatogenesis...

..Herein, we provide a critical review based on the recently available data regarding the cross-talk between TJ and anchoring junction to allow simultaneous maintenance of the BTB and germ cell movement across the seminiferous epithelium...

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..Furthermore, a molecular model is presented regarding how cytokines selectively regulate TJ/AJ restructuring in the epithelium during spermatogenesis...

..While it will still take much time and effort of intensive investigation before a product can reach the consumable market, these findings have provided hope for better family planning involving men...

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..As important, an increase in the kinetics of occludin internalization but a decrease in its rate of degradation was noted following IL-1α treatment. These results indicate that IL-1α is a critical regulator of BTB dynamics...

..Here, we discuss recent findings relating to these two junction types in the testis, highlighting prospective areas that should be investigated in future studies...

..Taken collectively, these studies suggest that Rab8B participates in adherens junction dynamics in the testis...

..We place special emphasis on the emerging role of desmosome-like junctions as signal transducers during germ cell movement across the seminiferous epithelium...

..For example, when drugs (e.g. male contraceptives) that can perturb germ cell adhesion and/or maturation are actively pumped out of the testis or are prevented from entering the apical compartment, such as by efflux pumps...

..In this way, MAPKs would synchronize cell cycle progression in primary spermatocytes with junction remodeling and cell migration across the BTB...

..Possible regulators that mediate cytokine-induced junction restructuring, including gap junction and extracellular matrix, and the role of testosterone on junction dynamics in the testis will also be discussed...

..This finding illustrates for the first time that a cell-matrix restructuring event occurs in normal cell physiology at the cell-cell interface in the testis, highlighting the significance of alpha(2)-MG in the regulation of BTB function...

..Collectively these results demonstrate that adjudin targets the apical ES as well as the basal ES and tight junction, which in turn delays assembly of the BTB...

..The net result of these interactions, in turn, determines the steady-state protein levels at the Sertoli-Sertoli cell interface at the BTB...

..It is possible that localized production of IL1A by Sertoli and/or germ cells in vivo results in BTB restructuring, and this may facilitate the movement of leptotene spermatocytes across the BTB...

..An in-depth survey in this subject has also identified several potential targets to be tackled to perturb spermatogenesis, which will likely lead to the development of novel male contraceptives...

..Furthermore, some of the recent studies have shed lights on potential therapeutic or preventive approaches that can be developed in future studies by blocking or minimizing the destructive effects of Cd to testicular function in men...

..These results illustrate that BTB dynamics in vivo are regulated by the TGF-beta3/p38 MAP kinase pathway, which in turn determines the level of occludin at the site of Sertoli cells TJs...

..Specific research areas that are open for further investigation are also highlighted...

..Through committed research, advocacy and support, male contraceptives are likely to become a valuable addition to the current choices of family planning...

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..These results, taken collectively, suggest SOD(EX) is an important antioxidant molecule in the testis that is under germ cell regulation...

..Modulation of efflux pump function via specific inhibitors could help to deliver contraceptives to the testis in the future...

..This approach will not only provide a better understanding of ES dynamics, but also will yield innovative approaches for the development of male contraceptives...

..We also discuss how this information may apply to future studies investigating the movement of preleptotene spermatocytes across the BTB...

..Herein, we provide a critical review based on the latest findings in the field regarding the regulation of these cellular events. These recent findings also open up a new window for investigators studying blood-tissue barriers...

..This local regulatory axis is the emerging target for male contraception...

..In this review, we discuss several approaches for fertility control involving the testis that one day may lead to the development of a nonhormonal male contraceptive...

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..05). These data confirm that Adjudin is effective in reducing the strength of the STJC, identifying Adjudin as a potential contraceptive agent in the male by inducing spermatid sloughing and therefore oligospermia...

..We propose that Schwann cell-autonomous loss of Mtmr2-Dlg1 interaction dysregulates membrane homeostasis in the paranodal region, thereby producing outfolding and recurrent loops of myelin...