Daniel N Klein

..These variables should be routinely assessed in clinical evaluations and can provide clinicians with valuable prognostic information...

..These findings indicate that a number of risk factors significantly predict first lifetime MDD in young adulthood, and that simple multivariate risk models may be useful for identifying individuals at high risk for MDD...

..There is a large literature indicating that the offspring of mothers with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are at increased risk for depression. However, much less is known about the effects of paternal MDD on offspring psychopathology...

..The purpose of this study was to describe the 10-year course and outcome of dysthymic disorder...

..Patients receiving combination treatment reported stronger alliances with their psychotherapists than patients receiving CBASP alone. However, the impact of the alliance on outcome was similar for both treatment conditions...

..An important direction for future research is to elucidate the multiple pathways to chronic depression and to tailor treatments to specific etiopathogenetic subgroups...

..We examined associations between childhood adversity and a broad variety of clinical characteristics and response to pharmacotherapy in a large sample of patients with chronic forms of MDD...

..We examined predictors of escalation to full-syndrome depressive disorders in a community sample of 225 adolescents with subthreshold depressive disorder...

..Implications for prevention and prediction of treatment response are discussed, as well as specific considerations to guide future research on the relation between personality and depression...

..2009)...

..This aim of this study was to examine the influence of grandparental (G1) and parental (G2) major depressive disorder (MDD) and other forms of psychopathology on behavior problems in very young offspring (G3)...

..The findings indicate that several subgroups of adolescents exist with distinct longitudinal trajectories of depressive and anxiety disorders, and these trajectory classes are associated with different risk factors...

..Individuals with chronic depression exhibit heterogeneous responses to treatment. Important individual differences may therefore exist within this particularly difficult to treat population that act as moderators of treatment response...

..The current study sought to identify the time course and scalp distribution of the LPP in response to emotional faces in young children and to determine whether reduced reactivity is observed among children at risk for depression...

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..The authors examined the continuity of specific psychiatric disorders in a large community sample of preschoolers from the preschool period (age 3) to the beginning of the school-age period (age 6)...

..The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term stability of depressive personality disorder...

..The low PE-maternal depression link was relatively specific, as there were few associations between low PE and other forms of parental psychopathology or between NE and BI and parental mood disorders...

..However, this work has focused on school-age children and adolescents; no studies have examined whether preschool-aged children with the CBCL-DP exhibit a similar constellation of problems...

..The 2 conditions also differed significantly on change in depressive symptoms over time. These findings support the use of CBASP as a maintenance treatment for chronic forms of MDD...

..The validity of the distinctions between dysthymic disorder, chronic major depressive disorder, and episodic major depressive disorder was examined in a family study of a large community sample of young adults...

..Thus, the present study provides evidence for the long-term stability of parental representations, as measured by the PBI, in depressed outpatients...

..The results also raise the possibility that sex differences in cognitive biases are evident before the emergence of sex differences in the prevalence of depression...

..This study extended these previous findings by examining whether such changes were associated with their depression change and response status...

..This study compared depressed and nondepressed participants' emotional reactivity to anticipated reward, anticipated punishment, failure to obtain a reward, and successful avoidance of punishment...

..The convergent and discriminant validity of the BIQ was examined by using a multitrait-multimethod approach. Results indicate that the BIQ displays evidence of reliability and validity that can complement observational paradigms...

..Sibling designs have the potential to identify familial factors that are shared and unshared between siblings. Unfortunately, this methodology has rarely been applied to mood disorders...

..This solution overlaps with, but is also distinct from, the major models derived from parent-report measures...

..We also explored whether maternal depression during the child's life, parental hostility and life stress explained these associations...

..As do findings in animals, results of this study underscore the importance of the early rearing environment in the intergenerational transmission of stress sensitivity...

..This suggests that early-onset depression may be associated with a deficit in the hypothesized approach motivation system...

..Findings indicate that the pattern of relations between temperament and psychopathology in older youth and adults is evident as early as age 3...

..The feedback negativity might be used to identify information processing abnormalities in high-risk populations prior to the onset of a major depressive episode...

..The goal here is to increase the patient's felt safety within the therapeutic dyad and eventually to generalize the felt safety to the patient's other relationships...

..The authors suggest that chronic depression should be viewed as a single, broad condition that can assume a variety of clinical course configurations...

..These findings support the construct validity of the hypothesis that low PE may be a temperamental precursor or risk factor for depression...

..These findings support the construct of DP traits in youth, and suggest that these traits may be a useful addition to developmental models of risk for youth depression...

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..This study tested the hypothesis that BAS deficits, measured with both self-report and electrophysiological methods, would predict the six-month course of depression...

..Results suggest that there may be developmental differences in the scalp distribution of the LPP, and compared to faces, IAPS elicit more robust behavioral and electrocortical measures of attention to emotional stimuli...

..Taken together, the results suggest that early childhood depressive symptoms and early menarche represent independent pathways to later depressive symptoms...

..These results are discussed in terms of existing work on anxiety and the ERN, and the need for longitudinal and developmental studies on the relationship between ERN andanxiety..

..The FN may be an ideal biomarker for studying changes in reward sensitivity and depression that emerge as children transition through puberty...

..Growth curve analyses revealed complex patterns of change in absolute scores for PD traits across the 10-year interval. Stability of PDs was generally comparable to that of anxiety disorder diagnoses and normal personality traits...

..81-18.44; P < .05), and significant associations with measures of psychosocial functioning. The stability and clinical significance of diagnoses and patterns of comorbidity must be elucidated in future research...

..Equally important, though, is whether subthreshold conditions are likely to develop other full syndrome disorders and whether these associations are maintained after adjusting for comorbidity...

..Measures of emotional expressions exhibited levels of stability comparable to or higher than traits defined by other behavioral patterns (e.g., sociability and engagement)...

..Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that some portion of cognitive vulnerability to depression may stem from early-emerging differences in the expression of positive emotions...

..These results support the importance of early-onset DD in parents as a risk factor for psychopathology in their offspring...

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..However, the linear combination of symptom severity and prior course provided only a minimal increase in predictive power over and above the DSM diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia...

..This study suggests that BI is heterogeneous, and that distinguishing between different forms of BI may help account for the variation in trajectories and outcomes exhibited by high BI children...

..Last, we highlight areas in which further research is necessary and conclude with some broad recommendations for clinical practice given the current state of the knowledge...

..This research prospectively examines the naturalistic course of dysthymic disorder in patients with and without a comorbid anxiety disorder over a 5-year period...

..Because of the heterogeneity of depression and anxiety disorders, a model with 2-4 factors or dimensions may not be sufficient to explain the relation between the two conditions...

..The fixed common factor model was the best fitting of the models, providing an excellent fit to the data. These results suggest that depressive symptoms and BPD features in DD arise from partially overlapping processes...

..First, we discuss nosological issues, followed by a summary of potential risk factors. Finally, the naturalistic course of chronic depression is described and implications for clinical practice are discussed...

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..The results indicated that the three-factor model revealed associations between parenting behaviors and different types of depression that were not evident using the two-factor structure's original dimensions...

..Findings hold significance in identifying etiological mechanisms of risk and delineating the complex developmental pathways to psychopathology...

..Finally, fear learning also related to contingency awareness; only children who correctly identified the CS+ demonstrated fear-potentiated startle to the CS+. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed...

..The current results suggest that low reward sensitivity may be an important factor in the development of depression...

..Younger patients, ethnic minority patients, and patients with personality disorders may be at increased risk of dropping out from treatment for depression. Combination treatments may increase treatment retention...

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..Depression severity best distinguished the relatives of depressed adolescents from relatives of controls. Specific clinical features did not aggregate in families...

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..This finding indicates that both patients and informants provide unique information on Axis II psychopathology and argues for the use of both sources in the assessment of PDs...

..We sought to examine this possibility using the late positive potential, a neural response sensitive to aversive and threatening stimuli...

..The CTBQ-Set shows promise as an observer-reated measure of preschoolers' behavior and temperament in their natural home environment...

..Results indicated that errors were associated with an ERN; however, the size was not reliably moderated by error value...

..This study compared efficacy of nefazodone, psychotherapy, and their combination in improving psychosocial functioning in chronically depressed outpatients...

..Premature termination is common among patients treated for depression with either pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy. Yet little is known about factors associated with premature treatment termination among depressed patients...

..Although various strategies are available to manage nonresponders to an initial treatment for depression, no controlled trials address the utility of switching from an antidepressant medication to psychotherapy or vice versa...

..COMB was associated with less symptom re-emergence during the continuation phase than either monotherapy, particularly for partial remitters...

..As nefazodone-mediated blockade of serotonin-2 receptors may directly relieve insomnia associated with depression, we examined the more specific effects of CBASP and nefazodone, singly and in combination, on sleep disturbances...

..Global patient ratings such as the PGI-I, as opposed to specific item-based ratings, provide less valid findings...

..To date, no study has measured psychosocial functioning in this population during long-term maintenance antidepressant treatment or following the double-blind discontinuation of treatment...

..Results support the importance of Aptitude * Treatment interactions in psychotherapy outcome. The direction and significance of such interactions may vary with different forms of psychopathology...

..These results and the consistency of similar results over time point to the dire need for patient and provider education regarding the signs and symptoms of depression and its treatment...

..The QIDS-SR(16) has highly acceptable psychometric properties, which supports the usefulness of this brief rating of depressive symptom severity in both clinical and research settings...

..8%). Somnolence was significantly greater among the patients taking active medication (15.4%), compared with placebo (4.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Nefazodone is well-tolerated and is an effective maintenance therapy for chronic forms of MDD...

..Our results suggest that psychotherapy may be an essential element in the treatment of patients with chronic forms of major depression and a history of childhood trauma...

..The authors conclude that combined antidepressant medications and psychotherapy result in faster full remission of chronic forms of major depressive disorder...

..Previous research indicates that the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism is a candidate gene for such traits...

..Recurrent paternal MDD was associated with depression recurrence in daughters but not sons. The impact of parental MDD on offspring could not be attributed to characteristics of the offspring's depression prior to age 19...

..Offspring of depressed parents experience impairment in a number of domains of functioning. Few studies have examined the impact of both maternal and paternal depression and co-morbid psychopathology on offspring functioning...

..Accounting for levels of functioning in adolescence or for current depression at age 24 eliminated the remaining associations. The implications of these findings for efforts to prevent MDD in adolescence are discussed...

..Although various strategies have been proposed to treat antidepressant nonresponders, little controlled research has been published that examines prospectively the use of switching to an alternate antidepressant...

..However, the effects of this genotype on measures of stress sensitivity are poorly understood. Therefore, this study examined whether 5-HTTLPR genotype was associated with negative information processing biases in early childhood...

..MDD): (a) is there an elevated rate of MDD in the relatives of probands with SubD? (b) does SubD aggregate in the families of probands with MDD and SubD? (c) is the relationship between SubD and familial psychopathology specific to MDD?..

..The purpose was to examine rates of co-morbidity among subthreshold disorders and between subthreshold and full-syndrome disorders for the major non-psychotic classes of disorders from DSM-IV...

..Adolescent BD showed significant continuity across developmental periods and was associated with adverse outcomes during young adulthood. Subthreshold BD results provide partial support for a bipolar spectrum...