Research Topics
Species | J A YesavageSummaryAffiliation: Stanford University Country: USA Publications
Research Grants
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Detail Information
Publications
Sleep-disordered breathing in Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorderJerome A Yesavage
Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 20:199-204. 2012..To study the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in Vietnam- era veterans...
Donepezil and flight simulator performance: effects on retention of complex skillsJ A Yesavage
Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 5550, USA
Neurology 59:123-5. 2002..05. Donepezil appears to have beneficial effects on retention of training on complex aviation tasks in nondemented older adults...- Sleep/wake cycle disturbance in Alzheimer's disease: how much is due to an inherent trait?Jerome A Yesavage
Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Int Psychogeriatr 14:73-81. 2002..We discuss how "state-trait" analyses can be helpful in identifying areas of assessment most likely to be fruitful objectives of physiologic and genetic research on sleep/wake disturbance in AD... 
Circadian clock gene polymorphisms and sleep-wake disturbance in Alzheimer diseaseJerome A Yesavage
Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 19:635-43. 2011..The goal of this study is to report indices of sleep-wake function collected from individuals with AD in relation to relevant polymorphisms in circadian clock-related genes...- Modeling the prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairmentJerome A Yesavage
Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, MC 151Y, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
J Psychiatr Res 36:281-6. 2002..Due to its substantial prevalence, MCI may be an important target for screening and possible intervention... - Development of diagnostic criteria for defining sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's diseaseJerome A Yesavage
Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Palo Alto VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 16:131-9. 2003..This article attempts to develop better-defined provisional criteria with the goal of promoting epidemiological, physiological, and, especially, pharmacological research on sleep/wake disturbances... - Age and disease severity predict choice of atypical neuroleptic: a signal detection approach to physicians' prescribing decisionsJerome A Yesavage
Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, MC 151Y, Palo Alto, CA, USA
J Psychiatr Res 37:535-8. 2003.... - Sleep/wake disruption in Alzheimer's disease: APOE status and longitudinal courseJerome A Yesavage
National Institute of Aging Alzheimer s Disease Core Center, Palo Alto VA Health Care System 151Y, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17:20-4. 2004..In these data, APOE status was associated with the progression of sleep/wake disturbances in AD. Overall, there was greater deterioration on sleep parameters in patients negative for the epsilon4 allele... - Use of a VA pharmacy database to screen for areas at high risk for disease: Parkinson's disease and exposure to pesticidesJ A Yesavage
Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Palo Alto VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17:36-8. 2004..However, a thorough exploration of alternative explanations is needed to reach definitive conclusions regarding the findings suggested by this method... - Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor in combination with cognitive training in older adultsJerome A Yesavage
Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 63:P288-94. 2008.... - Relationship of age and simulated flight performanceJ A Yesavage
Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
J Am Geriatr Soc 47:819-23. 1999..To determine the relationship between age and aviator performance on a flight simulator... - Should one use medications in combination with cognitive training? If so, which ones?Jerome Yesavage
Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 62:11-8. 2007..As the number of cognitively impaired older adults grows, it is likely that there will be pressure to treat more broadly with both medications and cognitive training... - Spatial test for agricultural pesticide "blow-in" effect on prevalence of Parkinson's diseaseJ A Yesavage
Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 19:32-5. 2006..The results did not support the hypothesis of increasing prevalence of Parkinsonism attributable to wind drift... - Initial cognitive performance predicts longitudinal aviator performanceJerome A Yesavage
Stanford VA Aging Clinical Research Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 1207, USA
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 66:444-53. 2011..The goal of the study was to improve prediction of longitudinal flight simulator performance by studying cognitive factors that may moderate the influence of chronological age... - Nocturnal sleep apnea/hypopnea is associated with lower memory performance in APOE epsilon4 carriersR O'HARA
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 5550, USA
Neurology 65:642-4. 2005..This is the first study to provide preliminary evidence for a negative interaction of APOE epsilon4 and OSAH on memory in older adults, which may have important implications for treating cognitive decline and delaying dementia onset... - Influence of the menstrual cycle on flight simulator performance after alcohol ingestionM S Mumenthaler
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, California, 94305 5550, USA
J Stud Alcohol 62:422-33. 2001..The present study tested the hypothesis that flight simulator performance during acute alcohol intoxication and 8 hours after drinking differs between the menstrual and the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle... - The roles of COMT val158met status and aviation expertise in flight simulator performance and cognitive abilityQ Kennedy
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 5550, USA
Behav Genet 41:700-8. 2011..These preliminary results indicate that COMT val158met polymorphic variation can affect a real-world task... - Acetyl L-carnitine slows decline in younger patients with Alzheimer's disease: a reanalysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study using the trilinear approachJ O Brooks
Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
Int Psychogeriatr 10:193-203. 1998..To assess the longitudinal effects of acety-L-carnitine (ALC) on patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease... - Donepezil delays progression to AD in MCI subjects with depressive symptomsP H Lu
Departments of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Neurology 72:2115-21. 2009..To determine whether the presence of depression predicts higher rate of progression to Alzheimer disease (AD) in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and whether donepezil treatment beneficially affect this relationship... - Non-pharmacologic management of sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's diseaseR David
Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
J Nutr Health Aging 14:203-6. 2010.... - Relationship of CogScreen-AE to flight simulator performance and pilot ageJ L Taylor
Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304 1207, USA
Aviat Space Environ Med 71:373-80. 2000..We report on the relationship between CogScreen-Aeromedical Edition (AE) factor scores and flight simulator performance in aircraft pilots aged 50-69... - BDNF polymorphism predicts the rate of decline in skilled task performance and hippocampal volume in healthy individualsM Millan Sanchez
VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Transl Psychiatry 1:e51. 2011..Translational Psychiatry (2011) 1, e51; doi:10.1038/tp.2011.47; published online 25 October 2011... - MR spectroscopy for assessment of memantine treatment in mild to moderate Alzheimer dementiaJ W Ashford
War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
J Alzheimers Dis 26:331-6. 2011..The objective of this study was to test whether memantine would slow or prevent the loss of neurons in mild to moderate AD patients... - Rate of cognitive decline in AD is accelerated by the interleukin-1 alpha -889 *1 alleleG M Murphy
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA
Neurology 56:1595-7. 2001..There was no difference in rate of decline between patients with and without the APOE epsilon 4 allele. These results support the hypothesis that inflammation is important in the clinical course of AD... - Ethanol pharmacokinetics in white women: nonlinear model fitting versus zero-order elimination analysesM S Mumenthaler
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305 5550, USA
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 24:1353-62. 2000.... - Mnemonic training in older adults: effects of age, length of training, and type of cognitive pretrainingJ O Brooks
Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
Int Psychogeriatr 11:75-84. 1999..To improve performance with mnemonic techniques for remembering words and proper names... - On disentangling states versus traits: demonstration of a new technique using the Alzheimer's disease assessment scaleJoy L Taylor
Department of Veterans Affairs, Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 16:254-60. 2002..We discuss how state-trait analyses can be helpful in focusing attention on those areas of assessment most likely to accomplish specific objectives... - Relationship between variations in estradiol and progesterone levels across the menstrual cycle and human performanceM S Mumenthaler
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305 5550, USA
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 155:198-203. 2001..Studies about whether or not the cognitive performance of women is influenced by changes in levels of sex steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle have produced ambiguous results... - Effects of menstrual cycle and female sex steroids on ethanol pharmacokineticsM S Mumenthaler
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, School of Medicine, California 94305 5550, USA
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23:250-5. 1999..Because previous studies about the topic have used few subjects and revealed controversial results, we consider our negative findings based on 24 subjects meaningful... - Convergent behavioral and neuropsychological evidence for a distinction between identification and production forms of repetition primingJ D Gabrieli
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
J Exp Psychol Gen 128:479-98. 1999..There may be separable cognitive and neural bases for implicit modulation of identification and production forms of knowledge... - Dissociation between two forms of conceptual priming in Alzheimer's diseaseC J Vaidya
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
Neuropsychology 13:516-24. 1999..This dissociation in AD suggests that conceptual priming is not a unitary form of memory but rather is mediated by separable memory systems... - Age and expertise effects in aviation decision making and flight control in a flight simulatorQuinn Kennedy
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Aviat Space Environ Med 81:489-97. 2010..We examined the roles of age, expertise, and their relationship on aviation decision making and flight control performance during a flight simulator task... - Strategies to reduce site differences in multisite studies: a case study of Alzheimer disease progressionArt Noda
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 14:931-8. 2006.... - Pilot age and expertise predict flight simulator performance: a 3-year longitudinal studyJoy L Taylor
Department of Veterans Affairs and Sierra Pacific MIRECC, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Neurology 68:648-54. 2007..We investigated the influence of age and aviation expertise (indexed by Federal Aviation Administration pilot ratings) on longitudinal flight simulator performance... - Donepezil treatment and Alzheimer disease: can the results of randomized clinical trials be applied to Alzheimer disease patients in clinical practice?Jared R Tinklenberg
Sierra Pacific Mental Illness, Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15:953-60. 2007.... - Nicotine deprivation and pilot performance during simulated flightMartin S Mumenthaler
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Aviat Space Environ Med 81:660-4. 2010..We tested the hypotheses that nicotine withdrawal affects aircraft pilot performance within 12 h of smoking cessation and that chewing nicotine gum leads to significant relief of these withdrawal effects... - Increasing the ranks of academic researchers in mental health: a multisite approach to postdoctoral fellowship trainingRuth O'Hara
Sierra Pacific MIRECC, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Acad Med 85:41-7. 2010..The VA's multisite fellowship program plays a valuable role in preparing substantial numbers of psychiatry and psychology trainees for a range of academic clinical research and leadership positions in the field of mental health... - Factors associated with psychiatric hospitalization of individuals diagnosed with dementia and comorbid bipolar disorderJohn O Brooks
Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 19:72-7. 2006..These findings suggest that disorders with increased frequency in BD affect the course of dementia... - Caution regarding the use of pilot studies to guide power calculations for study proposalsHelena Chmura Kraemer
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif 94305, USA
Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:484-9. 2006..The argument herein is not meant to discourage clinical researchers from performing pilot studies (or review committees from requiring them) but simply to caution against their use for the objective of guiding power calculations... - How well are clinicians following dementia practice guidelines?Craig S Rosen
VA Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Center for Health Care Evaluation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 16:15-23. 2002..These results suggest possible priorities for quality improvement efforts. Further research is needed to clarify reasons for particular gaps between guidelines and practice and to identify specific targets for intervention... - Ethical, and practical issues in applying functional imaging to the clinical management of Alzheimer's diseaseAllyson C Rosen
Department of Psychology, Jordan Hall, Bldg 420, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Brain Cogn 50:498-519. 2002..Various potential clinical applications of functional imaging are briefly reviewed and discussed with respect to associated ethical conflicts... - Psychoactive drugs and pilot performance: a comparison of nicotine, donepezil, and alcohol effectsMartin S Mumenthaler
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Neuropsychopharmacology 28:1366-73. 2003.... - Use of an external mnemonic to augment the efficacy of an internal mnemonic in older adultsJohn O Brooks
Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Int Psychogeriatr 15:59-67. 2003..Participants wrote two types of lists during the study phase: (a) a list of study words and/or (b) a loci list. At recall, participants were not allowed to refer to either of the lists they had written during the study... - Differential associations between entorhinal and hippocampal volumes and memory performance in older adultsAllyson C Rosen
Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
Behav Neurosci 117:1150-60. 2003..57) with delayed paragraph recall. These results suggest that entorhinal and hippocampal volumes are related to individual differences in dissociable kinds of memory performance among healthy older adults... - Validation of a 26-point telephone version of the Mini-Mental State ExaminationLori A Newkirk
Stanford VA Alzheimer s Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System 116F PAD, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17:81-7. 2004..Use of this practical measure can enhance reassessment if returning to the clinic is difficult or if a change in the patient's medical condition merits a check of mental status by telephone... - VA practice patterns and practice guidelines for treating posttraumatic stress disorderCraig S Rosen
National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
J Trauma Stress 17:213-22. 2004..Exposure therapy was rarely used. Additional research is needed on training, clinical resources, and organizational factors that may influence VA implementation of guideline recommendations... - Cognitive ability, expertise, and age differences in following air-traffic control instructionsJoy L Taylor
Psychiatry Service, Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, CA 94304 1207, USA
Psychol Aging 20:117-33. 2005..Results are discussed within frameworks of deliberate practice and cognitive mediation of age differences... - Hormone replacement therapy and longitudinal cognitive performance in postmenopausal womenRuth O'Hara
Dept of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 5550, USA
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 13:1107-10. 2005..The authors examined the impact of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on longitudinal cognitive performance (controlling for mood state) in 69 community-dwelling, postmenopausal women... - The development and initial validation of the Terminally Ill Grief or Depression Scale (TIGDS)Vyjeyanthi S Periyakoil
Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto 94304, USA
Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 14:202-12. 2005..The TIGDS depression subscale showed strong convergent validity and the TIGDS grief subscale showed strong discriminant validity with the HADS total score... - Factors in choosing atypical antipsychotics: toward understanding the bases of physicians' prescribing decisionsJennifer Hoblyn
Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
J Psychiatr Res 40:160-6. 2006..Off-label prescribing of medications, polypharmacy, and other questionable prescribing practices have led investigators to examine a large VA pharmacy database to determine if physician prescribing decisions appear reasonable... - A retrospective chart review of gabapentin for the treatment of aggressive and agitated behavior in patients with dementiasJ W Hawkins
VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Mental Illness Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Menlo Park, CA 94205, USA
Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 8:221-5. 2000..Two of the 24 patients discontinued use of the medication because of excessive sedation. No other significant side effects were noted in treatment lasting up to 2 years... - Which Alzheimer patients are at risk for rapid cognitive decline?Ruth O'Hara
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 5550, USA
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 15:233-8. 2002..This information could help clinicians target these patients for pharmacologic interventions, facilitate long-term care planning, and potentially create savings by delaying or stabilizing the course of the disease... - Which older adults maintain benefit from cognitive training? Use of signal detection methods to identify long-term treatment gainsJ K Fairchild
Department of Veterans Affairs and Sierra Pacific MIRECC, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Int Psychogeriatr 25:607-16. 2013..The goal of the current study is to identify baseline characteristics of long-term treatment responders and of those able to maintain their initial benefit from cognitive training... - Neuroprotective natural antibodies to assemblies of amyloidogenic peptides decrease with normal aging and advancing Alzheimer's diseaseM Britschgi
Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:12145-50. 2009.... - Neuropsychiatric diagnosis and management of chronic sequelae of war-related mild to moderate traumatic brain injuryJoshua D Halbauer
Department of Veterans Affairs VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
J Rehabil Res Dev 46:757-96. 2009..With a multidimensional approach (such as the biopsychosocial model) applied to each symptom cluster, psychological, occupational, and social dysfunction can be delineated and managed... - Subclinical anxiety symptoms, sleep, and daytime dysfunction in older adults with primary insomniaAdam P Spira
University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, San Francisco, CA, USA
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 21:56-60. 2008..Thus, subclinical anxiety symptoms may be an important target for clinical intervention to improve sleep and functioning in older adults with primary insomnia.".. - In Alzheimer disease, increased wake fragmentation found in those with lower hypocretin-1L F Friedman
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Neurology 68:793-4. 2007 - How to drastically reduce priming in word stem completion--and still present the wordsJ O Brooks
Stanford University School of Medicine, California, USA
Mem Cognit 27:208-19. 1999..These results are not readily accounted for by extant theoretical approaches and point to important methodological issues regarding stem completion... - Remote memory for public figures in Alzheimer's disease: relationships to regional cortical and limbic brain volumesR Fama
Neuropsychiatry Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, California, USA
J Int Neuropsychol Soc 7:384-90. 2001.... - Scheduled bright light for treatment of insomnia in older adultsLeah Friedman
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA
J Am Geriatr Soc 57:441-52. 2009..To determine whether bright light can improve sleep in older individuals with insomnia... - Variable effects of aging on frontal lobe contributions to memoryAllyson C Rosen
Departments of Psychology, Jordan Hall, Bldg. 420, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Neuroreport 13:2425-8. 2002..Thus, successful aging was characterized by preserved left prefrontal and enhanced right prefrontal activation that may have provided compensatory encoding resources... - Telephonic Remote Evaluation of Neuropsychological Deficits (TREND): longitudinal monitoring of elderly community-dwelling volunteers using touch-tone telephonesJames C Mundt
Healthcare Technology Systems, Inc, Madison, WI 53717, USA
Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 21:218-24. 2007..Such assessments might benefit routine clinical care and large-scale, longitudinal research in the future, but will require additional research over longer periods... - High-dose B vitamin supplementation and cognitive decline in Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trialPaul S Aisen
Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, M C 0949, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
JAMA 300:1774-83. 2008..Prior studies of B vitamins to reduce homocysteine in AD have not had sufficient size or duration to assess their effect on cognitive decline... - No improvement of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with guanfacine treatmentThomas C Neylan
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
Am J Psychiatry 163:2186-8. 2006..The authors report an 8-week, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of guanfacine versus placebo for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)... - Classification and prediction of clinical Alzheimer's diagnosis based on plasma signaling proteinsSandip Ray
Satoris, Inc, 2686 Middlefield Road, Suite E, Redwood City, California 94063, USA
Nat Med 13:1359-62. 2007..Biological analysis of the 18 proteins points to systemic dysregulation of hematopoiesis, immune responses, apoptosis and neuronal support in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease... - The Cost-Time Index: a new method for measuring the efficiencies of recruitment-resources in clinical trialsKen S Ota
Western University, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
Contemp Clin Trials 27:494-7. 2006..The authors demonstrate the utility of the Cost-Time Index and recommend its use as an additional variable in future studies regarding recruitment strategies in clinical trials...
Research Grants
- TREATMENTS FOR INSOMNIAJerome Yesavage; Fiscal Year: 2003..This five-year application will ultimately include 90 treatment subjects aged >60 years (three groups of 30 each). ..
- STANFORD ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE CORE CENTERJerome Yesavage; Fiscal Year: 2004..We feel that this multi-factorial and interdisciplinary approach may best address complex questions current to AD research. ..
- Age-Related Longitudinal Changes in Aviator PerformanceJerome Yesavage; Fiscal Year: 2007..We plan to test the hypothesis that longitudinal simulator performance can be predicted by measures of cognitive processing speed. ..