Research Topics
Species | Robert MalenkaSummaryAffiliation: Stanford University Country: USA Publications
Research Grants
| Collaborators
|
Detail Information
Publications
Drugs of abuse and stress trigger a common synaptic adaptation in dopamine neuronsDaniel Saal
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Neuron 37:577-82. 2003....- LTP and LTD: an embarrassment of richesRobert C Malenka
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Neuron 44:5-21. 2004..Here we review those forms of LTP and LTD for which mechanisms have been most firmly established. Examples are provided that show how these mechanisms can contribute to experience-dependent modifications of brain function... - Long-term potentiation--a decade of progress?R C Malenka
Nancy Friend Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
Science 285:1870-4. 1999..This review presents a current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of this long-lasting increase in synaptic strength and describes a simple model that unifies much of the data that previously were viewed as contradictory... - The long-term potential of LTPRobert C Malenka
Nancy Friend Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1201 Welch Road, Room P105, Stanford Medical Center, Palo Alto, California 94304-5485, USA
Nat Rev Neurosci 4:923-6. 2003 - Synaptic plasticity and AMPA receptor traffickingRobert C Malenka
Nancy Friend Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304 5485, USA
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1003:1-11. 2003..We also review recent work from our lab suggesting that synaptic plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system may contribute importantly to the neural adaptations elicited by drugs of abuse... - Pharmacotherapy for cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Down syndromeFabian Fernandez
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304 5485, USA
Nat Neurosci 10:411-3. 2007..These results suggest that over-inhibition contributes to intellectual disabilities associated with Down syndrome and that GABAA antagonists may be useful therapeutic agents for this disorder... 
Molecular dissociation of the role of PSD-95 in regulating synaptic strength and LTDWeifeng Xu
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Neuron 57:248-62. 2008..Thus, the C-terminal portion of PSD-95 serves a dual function. It is required to localize PSD-95 at synapses and as a scaffold for signaling proteins that are required for LTD...- Excitation-neurogenesis coupling in adult neural stem/progenitor cellsKarl Deisseroth
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Neuron 42:535-52. 2004.... - A critical role for PSD-95/AKAP interactions in endocytosis of synaptic AMPA receptorsSamarjit Bhattacharyya
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1050 Arastradero Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304 5552, USA
Nat Neurosci 12:172-81. 2009..Our results suggest that PSD-95's interaction with AKAP150 is critical for NMDAR-triggered AMPAR endocytosis and LTD, possibly because these scaffolds position calcineurin in the appropriate subsynaptic domain... - Control of synaptic strength by glial TNFalphaEric C Beattie
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Science 295:2282-5. 2002..Through its effects on AMPA receptor trafficking, TNFalpha may play roles in synaptic plasticity and modulating responses to neural injury... - Differential roles for NSF and GRIP/ABP in AMPA receptor cyclingSteven P Braithwaite
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304 5485, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:7096-101. 2002..These results provide further evidence for distinct functional roles of GluR2-interacting proteins in AMPAR trafficking... - N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor- and metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression are differentially regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome systemAmi Citri
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304 5552, USA
Eur J Neurosci 30:1443-50. 2009..These results suggest that, although NMDAR-dependent LTD may utilize ubiquitin as a signal for AMPAR endocytosis, mGluR-induced signaling and LTD are limited by a feedback mechanism that involves the ubiquitin-proteasome system... - Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-alphaDavid Stellwagen
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304 5485, USA
Nature 440:1054-9. 2006..We suggest that by modulating TNF-alpha levels, glia actively participate in the homeostatic activity-dependent regulation of synaptic connectivity... - Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor-alphaDavid Stellwagen
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford Medical School, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
J Neurosci 25:3219-28. 2005..These results suggest that TNFalpha can regulate neuronal circuit homeostasis in a manner that may exacerbate excitotoxic damage resulting from neuronal insults... - Multiple roles for the active zone protein RIM1alpha in late stages of neurotransmitter releaseNicole Calakos
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Neuron 42:889-96. 2004..These results suggest that RIM1alpha modulates sequential steps in synaptic vesicle exocytosis through serial protein-protein interactions and that this modulation is the basis for RIM1alpha's role in synaptic plasticity... - Multiple functions for the cadherin/catenin complex during neuronal developmentXiang Yu
Nancy Friend Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 5485, USA
Neuropharmacology 47:779-86. 2004..These results demonstrate that the cadherin/catenin complex plays multiple roles in the development of neuronal morphology and that these roles change as neurons mature... - Distinct triggering and expression mechanisms underlie LTD of AMPA and NMDA synaptic responsesWade Morishita
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Rd, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Nat Neurosci 8:1043-50. 2005..These results suggest that the same pattern of afferent activity elicits depression of AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated synaptic responses by means of distinct triggering and expression mechanisms... - Hippocampal long-term potentiation suppressed by increased inhibition in the Ts65Dn mouse, a genetic model of Down syndromeAlexander M Kleschevnikov
Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and the Institute for Neuroscience, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305 5489, USA
J Neurosci 24:8153-60. 2004..These findings raise the possibility that similar changes contribute to abnormalities in learning and memory in people with DS and, perhaps, in other developmental disorders with cognitive failure... - Transsynaptic signaling by postsynaptic synapse-associated protein 97Maria Paz Regalado
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304 5485, USA
J Neurosci 26:2343-57. 2006.... - Activation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors is not required for NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depressionWade Morishita
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304 5485, USA
Neuropharmacology 52:71-6. 2007..These results demonstrate that activation of NR2B-containing NMDARs is not an absolute requirement for the induction of LTD in the hippocampus... - Spike timing-dependent long-term potentiation in ventral tegmental area dopamine cells requires PKCPercy Luu
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304 5485, USA
J Neurophysiol 100:533-8. 2008..These results suggest that NMDAR-mediated activation of PKC, but not CaMKII, is a critical trigger for LTP in VTA DA cells... - Molecular and magnetic resonance imaging of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cell grafts in ischemic rat brainMarcel M Daadi
Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305 5487, USA
Mol Ther 17:1282-91. 2009..Our data suggest that the combination of BLI and MRI modalities provides reliable real-time monitoring of cell fate... - Enhanced inhibition of synaptic transmission by dopamine in the nucleus accumbens during behavioral sensitization to cocaineCorinne Beurrier
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
J Neurosci 22:5817-22. 2002..We hypothesize that the enhanced inhibitory effects of DA on synaptic transmission in the NAc are one of a number of adaptations that contribute to a decrease in excitatory drive to NAc after exposure to drugs of abuse... - Beta-catenin is critical for dendritic morphogenesisXiang Yu
Nancy Friend Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Nat Neurosci 6:1169-77. 2003.... 
Functional engraftment of the medial ganglionic eminence cells in experimental stroke modelMarcel M Daadi
Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 5487, USA
Cell Transplant 18:815-26. 2009....- Activity-dependent regulation of dendritic synthesis and trafficking of AMPA receptorsWilliam Ju
Nancy Friend Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Nat Neurosci 7:244-53. 2004.... - CREB modulates excitability of nucleus accumbens neuronsYan Dong
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Nat Neurosci 9:475-7. 2006.... - Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease modelsAnatol C Kreitzer
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
Nature 445:643-7. 2007..These findings have implications for understanding the normal functions of the basal ganglia, and also suggest approaches for the development of therapeutic drugs for the treatment of striatal-based brain disorders... - Alternative N-terminal domains of PSD-95 and SAP97 govern activity-dependent regulation of synaptic AMPA receptor functionOliver M Schlüter
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Neuron 51:99-111. 2006..These results demonstrate that the different N termini of the predominant endogenous forms of PSD-95 (alpha-isoform) and SAP97 (beta-isoform) govern their role in regulating synaptic function... - Long-term monitoring of transplanted human neural stem cells in developmental and pathological contexts with MRIRaphael Guzman
Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive R200, Stanford, CA 94305 5327, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:10211-6. 2007..Knowledge of migration patterns and implementation of noninvasive stem cell tracking might help to improve the design of future clinical neural stem cell transplantation... - Synaptic plasticity: multiple forms, functions, and mechanismsAmi Citri
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304 5485, USA
Neuropsychopharmacology 33:18-41. 2008..We also provide examples of the possible developmental and behavioral functions of synaptic plasticity and how maladaptive synaptic plasticity may contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders... - Dopamine modulation of state-dependent endocannabinoid release and long-term depression in the striatumAnatol C Kreitzer
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University Medical School, Palo Alto, California 94305, USA
J Neurosci 25:10537-45. 2005..However, this gating of plasticity by dopamine is accomplished via an unexpected mechanism involving the regulation of mGluR-dependent endocannabinoid release... - Mechanisms underlying dedepression of synaptic NMDA receptors in the hippocampusWade Morishita
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
J Neurophysiol 99:254-63. 2008..These results provide further evidence that synaptic NMDARs can be bidirectionally modified by activity but by mechanisms distinct from those responsible for the activity-dependent, bidirectional modulation of synaptic AMPARs... - Understanding synapses: past, present, and futureThomas C Sudhof
Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1050 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
Neuron 60:469-76. 2008..In the present perspective, we provide a short description of our personal view of these advances, suggest a series of important future questions about synapses, and discuss ideas about how best to achieve further progress in the field... - A novel anterograde trafficking signal present in the N-terminal extracellular domain of ionotropic glutamate receptorsHouhui Xia
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA
J Biol Chem 277:47765-9. 2002..These results suggest a specific function of a short sequence present in the N-terminal domain in controlling anterograde trafficking of ionotropic glutamate receptors... - A developmental switch in the signaling cascades for LTP inductionHiroki Yasuda
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA
Nat Neurosci 6:15-6. 2003.... - Mechanisms for synapse specificity during striatal long-term depressionSheela Singla
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
J Neurosci 27:5260-4. 2007..This dual requirement for CB1 activation and presynaptic activity is a mechanism by which eCB-LTD may be made synapse specific... - A calcineurin/AKAP complex is required for NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depressionSandra Jurado
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
Nat Neurosci 13:1053-5. 2010..Using a viral-mediated molecular replacement strategy in rat hippocampal slices, we found that AKAP is required for NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression solely because of its interaction with calcineurin... - RIM1alpha is required for presynaptic long-term potentiationPablo E Castillo
Nancy Friend Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA
Nature 415:327-30. 2002.... - Endocytosis and recycling of AMPA receptors lacking GluR2/3Virginie Biou
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1038-43. 2008.... - A critical role for the PAR-1/MARK-tau axis in mediating the toxic effects of Aβ on synapses and dendritic spinesWendou Yu
Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Hum Mol Genet 21:1384-90. 2012..Our results reveal a critical role for PAR-1/MARK kinases in AD pathogenesis and suggest PAR-1/MARK inhibitors as potential therapeutics for AD and possibly other tauopathies where aberrant tau hyperphosphorylation is involved... - LRRTM2 functions as a neurexin ligand in promoting excitatory synapse formationJaewon Ko
Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1050 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 5543, USA
Neuron 64:791-8. 2009..Thus, our data suggest that two unrelated postsynaptic cell-adhesion molecules, LRRTMs and neuroligins, unexpectedly bind to neurexins as the same presynaptic receptor, but that their binding is subject to distinct regulatory mechanisms... - Substrate localization creates specificity in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II signaling at synapsesJennifer Tsui
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94304-5485, USA
J Biol Chem 281:13794-804. 2006..Phosphatase activity limited phosphorylation of Stargazin but not NR2B and GluR1. These results suggest that the unique molecular architecture of the PSD results in highly selective substrate discrimination by CaMKII... - Generation of silent synapses by acute in vivo expression of CaMKIV and CREBHelene Marie
Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
Neuron 45:741-52. 2005.... - GABA excitation in the adult brain: a mechanism for excitation- neurogenesis couplingKarl Deisseroth
Department of Bioengineering and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
Neuron 47:775-7. 2005.... - Mechanism and time course of cocaine-induced long-term potentiation in the ventral tegmental areaEmanuela Argilli
Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 28:9092-100. 2008.... - RIM1alpha phosphorylation at serine-413 by protein kinase A is not required for presynaptic long-term plasticity or learningPascal S Kaeser
Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:14680-5. 2008.... - Synaptic plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine systemMark J Thomas
Departments of Neuroscience and Psychology, and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 358:815-9. 2003.... - AMPA receptor trafficking and synaptic plasticityRoberto Malinow
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York 11724, USA
Annu Rev Neurosci 25:103-26. 2002..While much work remains to understand the molecular basis for synaptic plasticity, recent results on AMPA receptor trafficking provide a clear conceptual framework for future studies... - Interactions between drebrin and Ras regulate dendritic spine plasticityVirginie Biou
Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland
Eur J Neurosci 27:2847-59. 2008..Together these data demonstrate a novel mechanism in which the balance between stability and plasticity in dendritic spines depends on binding of drebrin to actin filaments in a manner that is regulated by Ras... - Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates one component of competitive, experience-dependent plasticity in developing visual cortexMegumi Kaneko
Department of Physiology and W M Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 0444, USA
Neuron 58:673-80. 2008.... - Genetic analysis of Mint/X11 proteins: essential presynaptic functions of a neuronal adaptor protein familyAngela Ho
Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 9111, USA
J Neurosci 26:13089-101. 2006..Our studies thus indicate that Mints are important regulators of presynaptic neurotransmitter release that are essential for mouse survival... - Acute and chronic cocaine-induced potentiation of synaptic strength in the ventral tegmental area: electrophysiological and behavioral correlates in individual ratsStephanie L Borgland
Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
J Neurosci 24:7482-90. 2004..Furthermore, chronic cocaine exposure disrupts the normal, presumably adaptive relationship between synaptic enhancement in the VTA and behavior... - CREB modulates the functional output of nucleus accumbens neurons: a critical role of N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) receptorsYanhua H Huang
Program in Neuroscience, Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University, Wegner 205, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
J Biol Chem 283:2751-60. 2008..Green, T., Saal, D., Marie, H., Neve, R., Nestler, E. J., and Malenka, R. C. (2006) Nat. Neurosci. 9, 475-477), may counteract drug-induced maladaptations in the NAc and thus ameliorate the addictive state... - Synaptic plasticity and addictionJulie A Kauer
Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
Nat Rev Neurosci 8:844-58. 2007..Reversing or preventing these drug-induced synaptic modifications may prove beneficial in the treatment of one of society's most intractable health problems... - Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memorySteven E Hyman
Office of the Provost, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
Annu Rev Neurosci 29:565-98. 2006..Here we review progress in identifying candidate mechanisms of addiction... - LTP: AMPA receptors trading placesJulie A Kauer
Nat Neurosci 9:593-4. 2006 - Neuronal pentraxins mediate synaptic refinement in the developing visual systemLisa Bjartmar
Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
J Neurosci 26:6269-81. 2006..We speculate that NPs exert their effects through mechanisms that parallel the known role of short pentraxins outside the CNS... - RIM1alpha forms a protein scaffold for regulating neurotransmitter release at the active zoneSusanne Schoch
The Center for Basic Neuroscience and Department of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390 9111, USA
Nature 415:321-6. 2002..These data indicate that RIM1alpha has a central function in integrating active zone proteins and synaptic vesicles into a molecular scaffold that controls neurotransmitter release... - A role for Mints in transmitter release: Mint 1 knockout mice exhibit impaired GABAergic synaptic transmissionAngela Ho
Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Genetics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 9111, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:1409-14. 2003..Our data indicate that Mints 1 and 2 perform redundant synaptic functions that become apparent in Mint 1-deficient mice in inhibitory interneurons because these neurons selectively express higher levels of Mint 1 than Mint 2... - Cocaine-induced plasticity of intrinsic membrane properties in prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons: adaptations in potassium currentsYan Dong
Department of Neuroscience, The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
J Neurosci 25:936-40. 2005..This long-lasting, cocaine-induced plasticity of membrane excitability in PFC pyramidal neurons may contribute to the impaired decision making and drug craving that characterize cocaine withdrawal... - The addicted brainEric J Nestler
Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA
Sci Am 290:78-85. 2004
Research Grants
- Conference on Excitatory Amino Acids & Brain FunctionRobert Malenka; Fiscal Year: 2007..The conference should be of interest to the missions of several institutes at NIH including NIMH, NINDS, NICHD, NIA, NIDA and NIAAA. ..
- DRUGS OF ABUSE & SYNAPTIC PROCESSES IN DOPAMINE SYSTEMSRobert Malenka; Fiscal Year: 2003..Such information is critical for a detailed understanding of the neural mechanism which contribute to the development of drug addiction as well as the development of severe mental illness such as schizophrenia. ..
- DRUGS OF ABUSE & SYNAPTIC PROCESSES IN DOPAMINE SYSTEMSRobert Malenka; Fiscal Year: 2009..Such information is critical for a detailed understanding of the neural mechanisms that lead to drug addiction as well as the development of severe mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. ..