J A McCullers

..The model of lethal synergism will be a useful tool for exploring this and other mechanisms underlying viral-bacterial interactions...

..t tests and analysis of variance were used to verify the findings...

..Prophylaxis of parainfluenza virus infections with antivirals might be an effective strategy for prevention of secondary bacterial complications in humans...

..A strategy of weekly feedback to unvaccinated employees was the most important factor in enhancing the rate of vaccination acceptance and was particularly effective among the nursing staff...

..This study details separate but important roles for both IgG1 and IgG2a expression in vaccination against influenza and argues for the development of vaccine regimens that stimulate and measure expression of both antibody isotypes...

..However, this principle is not sufficient to explain the graded susceptibility between ages 20 and 60, the reduced susceptibility in children below age 10, and the unusual toxicity observed...

..Reassortment plays a role in the evolution of influenza B viruses and may necessitate a change in the methods used to assess and identify new influenza viruses...

..This review presents the current status of antiviral therapy of, and highlights the challenges presented by, the threat of pandemic influenza...

..Receipt of a vaccine to a related virus significantly enhanced the neutralization capacity of these responses, suggesting homologous vaccination against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus would have a similar effect...

..Identification and exploration of the underlying mechanisms responsible for this synergism will provide targets for prevention and treatment using drugs and vaccines...

..Physicians and hospitals can begin by educating themselves on the problem and developing a pandemic plan for their own practice or organization...

....

..However, many targets for immunization remain uncontrolled, and new or improved vaccines are emerging to meet these challenges...

..Seroprevalance of seasonal H1N1 (41.9%) and H3N2 (25.6%) viruses was similarly high. These data reflecting past infection of household cats raise the possibility that they may act as a vector of influenza transmission within households...

....

..In the not-so-distant future, strategies aimed at disarming pathogens without eliminating them may be more effective than our current treatment paradigms...

..In this review we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of pneumonia due to S. pneumoniae, highlighting emerging themes common to other organisms such as Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis...

..The cases were invariably fatal, supporting aggressive treatment of candidal meningitis in immunocompromised patients and further study of the prevention, diagnosis, and management of C. tropicalis meningitis...

..Selective NA inhibitors may be useful clinically to interrupt this novel mechanism of synergism and to prevent excess mortality from secondary bacterial pneumonia...

..By applying these insights to antiviral drug development, the potential exists to improve outcomes by means other than direct inhibition of the virus...

..Because tolerance is a precursor phenotype to resistance and may lead to clinical failure of antibiotic therapy, these observations may have important implications for vancomycin use in infections caused by S. pneumoniae...

....

....

..Our results differ from generally accepted influenza A virus vaccine models, and argue that strategies for control of influenza B virus should be considered separately from those for influenza A virus...

..These data suggest that beta-lactam therapy may not be optimal as a first-line treatment for community-acquired pneumonia when it follows influenza...

..cereus toxins...

..Prevention of bacterial superinfection is likely to depend on effective antiviral measures...

....

..Previous studies have been limited by inclusion of relatively few patients infected with nonsusceptible pneumococci and inconsistent use of empiric vancomycin...

..Overall, these data argue that the relationship between respiratory viral infections, acquisition of pneumococci, and development of disease in humans needs further study to be better understood...

..Thus, a prepandemic vaccine strategy that involves the stockpiling of both potential antigens and proven adjuvants may represent the best approach to deal with this looming threat...

..Alcohol-based HH can compensate for inadequate infrastructure and supplies. We describe the implementation of alcohol-based HH in five high-risk wards of a pediatric hospital in El Salvador...

..Gain of glycans within antigenic sites of the HA during adaptation to the mammalian lung facilitates immune evasion...

..These findings support the potential use of this vaccine in immunocompromised humans...

..These findings help explain both the unparalleled virulence of the 1918 strain and the high incidence of fatal pneumonia during the pandemic...

..This observation suggests a role for the C domain of the M1 protein in growth and virulence in a mammalian host...

..These data may partially explain why bacterial complication rates are higher during seasons when H3N2 viruses predominate. This animal model will be useful for further study of the mechanisms that underlie viral-bacterial synergism...

..Chloroquine is an inexpensive and widely available 9-aminoquinolone used in the management of malaria. Recently, in vitro assays suggest that chloroquine may have utility in the treatment of several viral infections including influenza...

..These data suggest that the PB1-F2 protein contributes to the virulence of pandemic strains when the PB1 gene segment is recently derived from the avian reservoir...

..To quantify the immune response of WASP- mice to three different pathogens: influenza A virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium bovis...

..Mortality correlated with the development of pneumonia and lung inflammation but not with bacteremia. This model has the potential to help us understand the pathogenesis of severe lung infections...

..The continued exploration of interactions between highly glycosylated viruses and surfactant proteins may lead to an improved understanding of the biology within the lung and strategies for viral control...

..These data lend support to our hypothesis that the influenza virus neuraminidase contributes to secondary bacterial pneumonia and subsequent excess mortality...

..Phase III clinical trials to compare FluBlok and a licensed trivalent influenza vaccine for immunogenicity, safety and efficacy in preventing naturally occurring influenza are ongoing...

..cereus bacteremia. Policies designed to interrupt transmission of this pathogen to susceptible patients should be considered...

..Alternate mechanisms besides alterations to replication are likely responsible for the enhanced virulence in mammalian hosts attributed to PB1-F2 in previous studies...

..Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was recovered from 3.3% of hospital toilets when wipes were not in use. Use of wipes resulted in a 50-fold reduction in mean daily bacterial counts and eliminated MRSA...

..The relationship between timing of the first dose of vancomycin relative to other antibiotics and outcome in these children, however, has not been addressed...

..Antibody-based therapies, when coupled with immune modulators, such as P4 peptide, may be an effective tool together with antibiotics in our armamentarium against severe pneumonia...

..We propose that c-di-GMP can be used as an effective broad spectrum immunomodulator and vaccine adjuvant to prevent infectious diseases...

..The purpose of this proposal is to provide funds that will allow promising young investigators to interact with their peers and develop a commitment to this area of research. ..

....

....

..The purpose of this proposal is to provide funds that will allow promising young investigators to interact with their peers and develop a commitment to this area of research. ..

....

....