A D Mooradian

..In this communication, some of these landmark studies are reviewed and some practical guidelines of management are suggested...

..However, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR) agonists that have significant PPAR alpha activity in addition to their PPAR gamma effects, may well be able to induce apoA-I expression...

..Identifying the mechanisms that modulate apo A-I gene expression will aid in the new development of therapeutic agents that increase plasma apo A-I and HDL concentrations...

..The advantages of combining several agents in one tablet include convenience and enhanced adherence to therapy. The main disadvantage is the loss of administration flexibility...

..However, the lack of a long-term safety record, and the cost, would limit the widespread acceptance of this class of agents as first-line therapy...

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..Treatment of obesity is an important therapeutic goal in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus...

..Because there are multiple mechanisms involved in the regulation of serum HDLc levels, changes in gene transcription do not necessarily correlate with clinical observations on serum levels of HDLc...

..These in vitro observations suggest that the putative cardioprotective effects of alcohol or wine cannot be ascribed to AA-mediated reduction in MDA protein formation, a possible biochemical pathway of accelerated atherosclerosis...

..It is concluded that aging in rats is associated with relative insensitivity to leptin. This change cannot be attributed to increased plasma binding or to a reduction in the leptin free fraction...

..The previously described ARE is not a response element for the ascorbate or alpha-tocopherol...

..Many with erectile failure, suffer silently regardless of its etiology. In this review, we suggest some practical guidelines for the management of these conditions...

..The cause of obesity-related low HDLc in the absence of hypertriglyceridemia is not known...

..280+/-0.030 vs. 0.956+/-0.038), P<0.001. It is concluded that aging in rats may alter the molecular anatomy of the BBB by altering the content of select structural proteins of tight junctions...

..We conclude that monosaccharide-enriched diets, probably through hyperinsulinemia or relative or absolute insulin resistance, cause hyperleptinemia, which does not appear to change feeding behavior...

..Statins reduce albumin excretion rate and retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Whether statins alter size selectivity of glomerular filtration in diabetic rats is not known...

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..It is concluded that COX inhibition with INDO or ASA downregulates apoAI expression at the transcriptional level. This effect could not be attributed to either arachidonic acid excess or to a deficiency in various prostanoids tested...

..It is concluded that cerebral tissue in aging rats beyond the developmental stages, like the hepatic tissue, is associated with altered TH responsiveness...

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..The inability of aging rats to mount hyperleptinemic response to dietary changes may contribute to the age-related increase in adiposity...

..Whether similar changes may occur in vivo remains to be shown. However, these observations do not support the use of pharmacologic amounts of chromium supplementation to enhance the cardioprotective lipid profile...

..038 respectively. These differences did not achieve statistical significance. It is concluded that diabetes alters the molecular anatomy of the tight junctions in cerebral tissue by altering the content of select structural proteins...

..With the availability of agents which preferentially reduce postprandial blood glucose excursions, it is now possible to achieve glycaemic goals in a larger proportion of individuals with diabetes mellitus...

..The potential role of leptin in initiation of pubertal development is not easily demonstrable in observational studies...

..Thus, the lack of aspirin protection in diabetes may be due to undefined aspects of platelet function...

..In conclusion, in obesity, rhGH normalized IGF-I levels, induced loss of BW from BF, and improved lipid profile without untoward effects on insulin sensitivity...

..The hypothesis is that the neutraceutical glucosamine, when given in conventional doses (1,500 mg/day) may increase apoAI and HDL cholesterol levels in subjects with diabetes and low HDL cholesterol...

..3% +/- 1.6%). Stearic acid treatment did not alter Sp1-DNA binding as measured by gel shift analysis. Therefore, saturated fatty acids blunt Sp1 induction of apo AI promoter probably at a step beyond DNA binding...

..This study was undertaken to determine whether these rhGH-induced changes occur in obese subjects during rhGH supplementation...

..The emergence of multiple insulin products has provided new opportunities to achieve diabetes control. However, the number of options has raised concerns about the optimal choices of products...

..A cDNA clone for a THR gene could provide a useful tool to study the molecular mechanisms of TH effects on cerebral tissue in adult animals...

..6 to 16.6 hours. These findings suggest that increases in apoAI gene expression by glucosamine occur primarily through stabilizing apoAI mRNA...

..In this review, the various pharmacologic agents available for the management of diabetes will be reviewed and some pertinent clinical guidelines will be suggested...

..These findings suggest that CV not only prevents dextrose-induced SO generation in endothelial cells but may also have favorable effects on gene expression and cell survival...

..This effect requires the VDR as well as a vitamin D response element in the apo AI promoter...

..Gel shift assays showed that none of the treatments resulted in a change in site A binding activity. These results indicate that VDR modulators in hepatocytes and intestinal cells differentially regulate expression of the apo A-I gene...

..These studies demonstrate that THRP and Abi-2 have distinct tissue distribution and distinct biological properties...

..Given the lack of data to substantiate the benefit and safety of ingestion of antioxidant vitamins in excess of the recommended dietary allowance, physicians should avoid the recommendation of vitamin supplementation to their patients...

..We review important studies of the effects of four antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and beta carotene) and analyze whether the current evidence supports or confirms or rejects the presumed protective role...

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..To determine the incidence of Hashimoto's disease in nodular goitre and to ascertain the degree of the concordance between serological and cytological findings...

..The present communication briefly reviews the Diabetes-related changes in the central nervous system and discusses some of the mechanisms underlying these changes...

..These studies suggest that inflammatory cytokines down-regulate apoAI expression at least partly through inhibition of binding of the nuclear factors to site A of the apoAI promoter...

..These results suggest that TNF alpha suppresses apoAI promoter activity through both the MEK/ERK and JNK pathways but is not mediated by either p38 MAP kinase activity or NF-kappaB activation...

..CONCLUSIONS: Fatty acids have the ability to modulate oxidative load in hyperglycemia and this effect may be related to the length, saturation, and possibly cis/trans orientation of the FA...

..6 compared with 145+/-16.9, P<0.05). Co-transfection of THRP with wild-type c-Abl did not alter the effect of THRP on cell survival. It is concluded that THRP is an important factor in TH-induced neuronal cell death...

..The present study underscores the paucity of TH responsive genes in adult cerebral tissue...

..It is concluded that increased oxidative load in sustained chronic hyperglycemia is probably the result of depletion of antioxidant pool rather than secondary to sustained increase in SO production...

..It remains to be established if the transcriptional effects we observed are mediated through an androgen response element...

..These studies suggest that diabetes in humans may be associated with alterations in the BBB integrity that allow the emergence of antibodies against neuronal antigens...

..To determine if replacement of GH improves BMD in adult-onset GHD, we administered GH in physiologic amounts to men and women with GHD. GH replacement significantly increased spine BMD in the men by 3.8%...

..Although novel insulin analogues are promising 'designer drugs' in our armamentarium to overcome some of the limitations of conventional insulin therapy, cost may be a limiting factor for some patients...

..A bile acid binding agent is an option if the serum TG levels do not exceed 200 mg/dL (5.65 mmol/L), otherwise a fibrate or nicotinic acid should be considered. The decision to treat a particular person has to be individualised...

..Management should emphasize lifestyle modifications, while the use of pharmacologic agents such as sibutramine and orlistat should be reserved for select groups of patients who do not respond to lifestyle modification...

..Future studies should focus on identifying reliable markers of oxidation to incorporate these measurements in the clinical interventional trial...

..The emergence of glucose intolerance or a genetic predisposition to familial combined hyperlipidemia will further modify the plasma lipid phenotype in obese people (11,12,13,14,15)...

..These findings may add insight into the role of insulin-degrading enzymes in the etiology of subcutaneous insulin resistance syndromes...

..In summary, the IRCE alone can mediate the stimulatory effects of insulin, bpv, and PDBu, and Sp1 enhances these responses that may arise from phosphorylation of the protein...

..Asymptomatic hyperthyroidism may well be a syndrome that is currently under-diagnosed...