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..These assays inform mechanism and hazard, but NOT risk. The Environmental Protection Agency currently estimates that these new assays are approximately 70% accurate versus the whole animal tests...

..This review provides a framework for the integration of all these types of information in the interpretation of DNT studies...

..At 0.05 ppm: no F0 reproductive effects, increased F1 weanling UCVW; delayed PPS. The NOEL was 0.005 ppm ( approximately 1 microg/kg/day)...

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..Therefore, BPA is not considered a selective reproductive or developmental toxicant in mice...

..The F1 and F2 offspring toxicity was present at 1500 and 3000 ppm. The no-observable-adverse-effect level for adult systemic and offspring toxicity was 250 ppm and 1500 ppm for male reproductive toxicity (females at >3000 ppm)...

..They also specifically criticized our published guideline-compliant dietary studies on BPA in rats and mice and 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) in mice...

..Sodium thioglycolate, which has widespread occupational and consumer exposure to women from cosmetics and hair-care products, was evaluated for developmental toxicity by topical exposure during the embryonic and fetal periods of pregnancy..

..Our Society and its journal have played vital roles in the scientific and regulatory accomplishments in birth defects research over the past 50 years and will continue to do so in the future. Happy 50th anniversary!..

..Glycidamide-induced mutations appear to play no role in reproductive or neurologic toxicity...

..0 µg kg⁻¹ per day. Therefore, this intact weanling uterotrophic assay is validated in our laboratory for use under US and European endocrine toxicity testing programs/legislation...

..001-5 mg/kg/day) on any parameters and no evidence of nonmonotonic dose-response curves across generations for either sex. BPA should not be considered a selective reproductive toxicant, based on the results of this study...

..The NOEL for prenatal DL was 2.0 mg/kg/day; the NOEL for adult systemic toxicity, including neurotoxicity, was < or = 0.5 mg/kg/day. Therefore, neurotoxicity and DL were differentially affected...

..Therefore, epididymal sperm, mating, and neurotoxic effects were observed at AM doses that also resulted in increased postimplantation loss, possibly by different mechanisms...

..Therefore, under the conditions of this study, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was not determined for adult toxicity; the NOAEL for reproductive toxicity was at least 0.3 ppm, and the NOAEL for postnatal toxicity was 0.02 ppm...

..50 ppm no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for maternal and developmental toxicity was 0.10 ppm. No treatment-related embryotoxicity or teratogenicity was observed...

..Tables of the spontaneous incidence of axial anomalies in both humans and animals are provided...

..However, information from experimental studies and studies of metabolism indicate reproductive impacts are unlikely at formaldehyde exposures levels observed in the epidemiology studies...

..The offspring toxicity no observable effect level (NOEL) was 750 ppm, based on the presence of reduced AGD in F1 and F2 males at birth at 3750 ppm, but no effects on reproductive development, structures, or functions...

..In conclusion, the incidence of litters with one or more malformed fetuses was increased only at a dose of Bendectin which produced maternal mortality (17.1%) and other indices of maternal and developmental toxicity (see Discussion)...

..The no observable effect level was 0.005 ppm E2 ( approximately 1 mug/kg/day). Therefore, the mouse model is sensitive to E2 by oral administration, with effects on reproductive development at doses of 10- 100 mug/kg/day...

..Therefore, the NOAEL for the mouse maternal and developmental toxicity was 250 ppm under the conditions of this study...

..These data provide preliminary evidence for the biological validity of assessing induced, heritable mutations using transgenic mice, without the need for generating an F(1) generation...

..Finally, the importance of understanding the relationship between timing of exposure, duration of dose, and time of acquisition of the endpoints in interpreting the results of the in vivo assays is emphasized...

..Coupled with comparative species studies, such research may provide insight regarding the causal ordering of events that underlie pubertal onset and progression and their role in the pathway of adult-onset disease...

..This commentary reviews toxicological information and critically evaluates epidemiological information on the relationship between glycol ethers and congenital malformations...