EILEEN ELIZABETH BIRCH

..The critical period during which the dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPs) may influence the maturation of cortical function in term infants is unknown...

..Identification of risk factors for accommodative esotropia may help to determine which children with hyperopia may benefit from early spectacle correction or preventive therapy...

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..Many children treated for cataracts develop strabismus and nystagmus; however, little is known about the critical period for adverse ocular motor outcomes with respect to age of onset and duration...

..Early surgery both establishes alignment during an early critical period for the development of stereopsis and minimizes the duration of misalignment. Here we examine the role of these 2 factors in promoting improved stereopsis outcomes...

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..The goal of this study was to assess the construct validity of CVFQ subscales by examining their sensitivity to four research questions commonly posed in ophthalmic clinical trials...

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..The aim of the present study was to prospectively assess the development of acuity in infants and preschool children who received IOLs or aphakic contacts lenses (CLs) after the extraction of a unilateral cataract...

..Here, we present motor and sensory outcomes of a cohort of 50 consecutive children enrolled in a prospective study who had surgery by 6 months of age and were followed for 4-17 years...

..The range of human milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations worldwide is much broader than the range explored in randomized clinical trials to date...

..Likely contributors to differences among studies are the amount of LCP supplementation, functional outcomes, and sample size...

..Data from moderate amblyopes support the hypothesis that anisometropia and strabismus disrupt visual maturation in fundamentally different ways rather than simply at different stages in visual development...

..Significant correlations between plasma and RBC-DHA at 4 months of age but not at 12 months of age and MDI at 18 months of age suggest that early dietary supply of DHA was a major dietary determinant of improved performance on the MDI...

..To determine the maturational course of nasotemporal asymmetry in infantile esotropia and to define the relationships among the symmetry of the motion visual evoked potential (MVEP), eye alignment, fusion, and stereopsis...

..The aim of the present study was to design a protocol that overcomes these limitations and to investigate the normal maturation of hyperacuity...

..This chapter provides an overview of the structural and functional maturation of the visual system of the healthy preterm infant and of several forms of visual impairment that are prevalent in the low birth weight population...

..Here we describe the clinical characteristics of a large cohort of children <3 years of age with amblyopia and compare them with a previously described Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group amblyopic cohort aged 3 to 6 years...

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..However, treated eyes rarely achieve normal visual acuity, and there has been no formal evaluation of the utility of the treated eye for reading...

..To evaluate whether distance stereoacuity improves following surgery for intermittent exotropia using the Frisby Davis Distance (FD2) and Distance Randot stereotests...

..These results suggest that LCPUFA supplementation improves means-end problem solving...

..A high AC/A relationship poses a significant risk for abnormal fusional vergence only. A constant eye misalignment lasting >/= 4 months poses a significant risk for anomalous binocular vision on all measures studied...

..We examined the critical period for deprivation amblyopia in a cohort of patients with dense bilateral congenital cataracts to investigate the optimum timing for surgical treatment...

..Little is known about the critical period during which the dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) may influence the maturation of visual cortical function in term infants...

..By using a prototype, we reported testability, validity, and normative data. Here we report normative and validity data for the final, commercially available version of the test...

..The functional organization of the maturing visual system appears to be maximally sensitive to disruption by abnormal visual experience during the first months of life, but susceptibility continues until at least 4 years of age...

..Although the maturation of local visual function, such as resolution acuity, has been well documented, less is known about the changes in global visual function during development and with aging...

..Also explored was whether early WTR astigmatism influences emmetropization in children with INS and whether there is evidence of meridional emmetropization...

..2 log seconds of arc should be interpreted with caution because it is above this level of stereoacuity that the monocular form cues of each of the tests may invalidate the results...

..To define the critical period for susceptibility of human stereopsis to an anomalous binocular visual experience...

..We evaluated the benefits of postweaning dietary supplementation of DHA + ARA on visual maturation...

..The Worth 4-Shape test-retest reliability is high supporting its validity for use with young children...

..Identification of children treated for infantile esotropia who are at risk for accommodative esotropia may allow for prevention or early treatment...

..To provide normative pediatric visual acuity data using HOTV optotypes presented on the Electronic Visual Acuity Tester following the Amblyopia Treatment Study (ATS) protocol...

..Although early surgery can improve visual function, less is known about its effect on motor development. Here we address whether early surgery can improve motor development...

..2 times (95% CI 15.8 to 35.6) greater risk for nil stereopsis at > or = 5 years of age. CONCLUSION: Treatment protocols designed to optimize stereoacuity outcomes promote long-term stability of alignment...

..The more rigorous Randot tests would be appropriate for determining subtle changes...

..We sought to develop a new "Distance Randot" test, establish a normative data set for children and adults, and compare with established measures of stereoacuity...

..Our aim was to develop vision-related QOL instruments for children in different age ranges <==7 years, and to provide initial validation of these instruments...

..Others progress to constant large-angle ET and require surgery. The authors examined factors that may be associated with risk for progression to constant large-angle ET...

..5 lines on the eye chart. RBC DHA levels and VEP acuity at 12 mo were correlated (r = -0.50; P = 0.0002), supporting the need of an adequate dietary supply of DHA throughout 1 y of life for neural development...

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..1 logMAR for typical values of the psychometric parameters...

..To investigate the incidence of allergic and respiratory diseases through age 3 years in children fed docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)- and arachidonic acid (ARA)-supplemented formula during infancy...

..The results suggest neural undersampling in V1 and/or higher visual cortical areas in deprivation amblyopia and a possible role for neural disarray...

..CONCLUSION: The Randot Stereocards provide a simple, reliable, and valid method of obtaining a quantitative assessment of binocular vision in children up to 24 months of age for use in clinical trials and in clinical management...

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..Second, for higher RFs, our data suggest that threshold may be determined by visual integration only over a limited segment of the RF pattern...

..The Minnesota Low-Vision Reading Test (MNREAD) has been developed to measure reading speed. An abbreviated version of the MNREAD test was developed that presented only three large paragraphs and would be easier for children to complete...

..On the clinical side, better stereoacuity outcomes should provide more stable eye alignment and better quality of life. ..

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..Prospective evaluation of preferential-looking and visually evoked potential acuity in this population should define an optimum protocol for infants with delayed visual maturation...

..These studies will help to define the necessary and sufficient conditions for the development of normal binocular vision and enhance treatment outcomes of pediatric patients. ..

..By relating long-term outcomes to visual cortical function during infancy, we will directly evaluate the predictive of early visual tests for long-term cognitive outcomes. ..

..Data from the in vivo and in vitro studies will assist in defining endogenous LCP biosynthetic capacity and optimal lipid composition for routine and specialty infant formulas. ..

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