Richard Mattes

Summary

Affiliation: Purdue University
Country: USA

Publications

  1. ncbi Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women
    Heather J Leidy
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 15:421-9. 2007
  2. ncbi Influences of repeated testing on nonesterified Fatty Acid taste
    Robin M Tucker
    Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA
    Chem Senses 38:325-32. 2013
  3. ncbi Evidence for presence of nonesterified fatty acids as potential gustatory signaling molecules in humans
    Bhushan Kulkarni
    Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, Stone Hall, 700W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
    Chem Senses 38:119-27. 2013
  4. ncbi Flavor and feeding: Introduction to an international conference
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, Department of Nutrition Science, Stone Hall, Rm 212, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA Electronic address
    Physiol Behav 107:467-8. 2012
  5. ncbi Spices and energy balance
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, Department of Nutrition Science, Stone Hall, Rm 212, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Physiol Behav 107:584-90. 2012
  6. ncbi Are free fatty acids effective taste stimuli in humans? Presented at the symposium "The Taste for Fat: New Discoveries on the Role of Fat in Sensory Perception, Metabolism, Sensory Pleasure and Beyond" held at the iNstitute of Food Technologists
    Robin M Tucker
    Dept of Nutrition Science, Purdue Univ, 212 Stone Hall, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    J Food Sci 77:S148-51. 2012
  7. ncbi Effects of food form and timing of ingestion on appetite and energy intake in lean young adults and in young adults with obesity
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 212 Stone Hall, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 109:430-7. 2009
  8. ncbi Oral detection of short-, medium-, and long-chain free fatty acids in humans
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 212 Stone Hall, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Chem Senses 34:145-50. 2009
  9. ncbi Fluid energy--Where's the problem?
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 106:1956-61. 2006
  10. ncbi The energetics of nut consumption
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, 700 W State St W Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17:337-9. 2008

Research Grants

  1. HEDONICS AND DIETARY INTAKE OF FAT
    Richard Mattes; Fiscal Year: 2007
  2. Food Rheology and Feeding in Lean and Obese Humans
    Richard Mattes; Fiscal Year: 2007
  3. HEDONICS AND DIETARY INTAKE OF FAT
    Richard Mattes; Fiscal Year: 2001
  4. Pre-Ingestive Influences on Solid and Fluid Food Intake in Lean and Obease Adults
    Richard D Mattes; Fiscal Year: 2010

Collaborators

Detail Information

Publications54

  1. ncbi Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women
    Heather J Leidy
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 15:421-9. 2007
    ..To examine the effects of dietary protein and obesity classification on energy-restriction-induced changes in weight, body composition, appetite, mood, and cardiovascular and kidney health...
  2. ncbi Influences of repeated testing on nonesterified Fatty Acid taste
    Robin M Tucker
    Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, 700W State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA
    Chem Senses 38:325-32. 2013
    ..The most appropriate detection threshold testing method will depend on the goals of the researcher...
  3. ncbi Evidence for presence of nonesterified fatty acids as potential gustatory signaling molecules in humans
    Bhushan Kulkarni
    Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, Stone Hall, 700W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
    Chem Senses 38:119-27. 2013
    ..These data indicate NEFA concentrations likely to be sufficient to initiate gustatory signaling are present in the human oral cavity when masticating high-fat foods...
  4. ncbi Flavor and feeding: Introduction to an international conference
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, Department of Nutrition Science, Stone Hall, Rm 212, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA Electronic address
    Physiol Behav 107:467-8. 2012
    ..This submission is just the introductory piece for the special issue. It does not seem that an abstract is warranted...
  5. ncbi Spices and energy balance
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, Department of Nutrition Science, Stone Hall, Rm 212, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Physiol Behav 107:584-90. 2012
    ..Flavor active compounds hold some promise for being more a part of the solution than the problem of disordered eating and unhealthy weight...
  6. ncbi Are free fatty acids effective taste stimuli in humans? Presented at the symposium "The Taste for Fat: New Discoveries on the Role of Fat in Sensory Perception, Metabolism, Sensory Pleasure and Beyond" held at the iNstitute of Food Technologists
    Robin M Tucker
    Dept of Nutrition Science, Purdue Univ, 212 Stone Hall, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    J Food Sci 77:S148-51. 2012
    ..Some studies suggest that there are fatty acid tasters and nontasters and if verified could have implications for targeted product development...
  7. ncbi Effects of food form and timing of ingestion on appetite and energy intake in lean young adults and in young adults with obesity
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 212 Stone Hall, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 109:430-7. 2009
    ..Overweight and obesity have been attributed to increased eating frequency and the size of eating events. This study explored the influence of the timing of eating events and food form on appetite and daily energy intake...
  8. ncbi Oral detection of short-, medium-, and long-chain free fatty acids in humans
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 212 Stone Hall, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Chem Senses 34:145-50. 2009
    ..The findings are consistent with, but do not definitively demonstrate, a role for taste that may have a genetic basis...
  9. ncbi Fluid energy--Where's the problem?
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 106:1956-61. 2006
  10. ncbi The energetics of nut consumption
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, 700 W State St W Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 17:337-9. 2008
    ..Taken together, these findings largely account for the energy provided by nuts and explain the epidemiological and clinical observations. Thus, current knowledge suggests moderate nut consumption does not pose a threat for weight gain...
  11. ncbi Effects of linoleic acid on sweet, sour, salty, and bitter taste thresholds and intensity ratings of adults
    Richard D Mattes
    Dept of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue Univ, 212 Stone Hall, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292:G1243-8. 2007
    ..These data do not support a mechanism for detecting dietary fats whereby fatty acids sensitize taste receptor cells to stimulation by taste compounds...
  12. ncbi Effects of a combination fiber system on appetite and energy intake in overweight humans
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 700 W State Street, W Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, United States
    Physiol Behav 90:705-11. 2007
    ....
  13. ncbi Brief oral stimulation, but especially oral fat exposure, elevates serum triglycerides in humans
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296:G365-71. 2009
    ..These data indicate that nutritionally relevant oral fat exposures reliably elevate serum triglyceride concentrations in most people...
  14. ncbi Food palatability, rheology, and meal patterning
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
    JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 32:572-4. 2008
    ..Overweight and obesity are largely of dietary origin and reflect food choice. Food palatability, eating patterns, and food form are important determinants of choice and energy balance...
  15. ncbi Impact of peanuts and tree nuts on body weight and healthy weight loss in adults
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    J Nutr 138:1741S-1745S. 2008
    ..This consistent literature suggests nuts may be included in the diet, in moderation, to enhance palatability and nutrient quality without posing a threat for weight gain...
  16. ncbi Oral thresholds and suprathreshold intensity ratings for free fatty acids on 3 tongue sites in humans: implications for transduction mechanisms
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Chem Senses 34:415-23. 2009
    ..Further, they challenge current views on transduction as sensory responsiveness was observed at tongue sites not predicted to support FFA detection...
  17. ncbi Is there a fatty acid taste?
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, W Lafayette, Indiana, USA
    Annu Rev Nutr 29:305-27. 2009
    ..Oral exposure to free fatty acids likely serves as a warning signal to discourage intake and influences lipid metabolism...
  18. ncbi Fluid calories and energy balance: the good, the bad, and the uncertain
    R Mattes
    Purdue University, Foods and Nutrition, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
    Physiol Behav 89:66-70. 2006
    ..A better understanding of the role of fluid calories in the diet is needed to improve dietary guidelines...
  19. ncbi Fat taste and lipid metabolism in humans
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, 700 W State Street, W Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Physiol Behav 86:691-7. 2005
    ..There is preliminary evidence of marked individual variability in fat "taste" with uncertain health implications. The possibility that fat taste sensitivity reflects systemic reactivity to fat warrants further evaluation...
  20. ncbi Hunger and thirst: issues in measurement and prediction of eating and drinking
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 212 Stone Hall, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Physiol Behav 100:22-32. 2010
    ..Beverages can facilitate the delivery of nutrients to those desiring or requiring them, but also to those where they are not desired or required. The benefits and risks are a function of their use rather than their inherent properties...
  21. ncbi Nuts and healthy body weight maintenance mechanisms
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, 700 W State St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 19:137-41. 2010
    ..Nuts may be included in the diet, in moderation, to enhance palatability, nutrient quality, and chronic disease risk reduction without compromising weight loss or maintenance...
  22. ncbi The effects of capsaicin and capsiate on energy balance: critical review and meta-analyses of studies in humans
    Mary Jon Ludy
    Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Chem Senses 37:103-21. 2012
    ..The magnitude of these effects is small. Purposeful inclusion of these compounds in the diet may aid weight management, albeit modestly...
  23. ncbi Acute and second-meal effects of almond form in impaired glucose tolerant adults: a randomized crossover trial
    Alisa M Mori
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
    Nutr Metab (Lond) 8:6. 2011
    ..abstract:..
  24. ncbi Oral fatty acid signaling and intestinal lipid processing: support and supposition
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 212 Stone Hall, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Physiol Behav 105:27-35. 2011
    ....
  25. ncbi Accumulating evidence supports a taste component for free fatty acids in humans
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Physiol Behav 104:624-31. 2011
    ..On no point is there strong evidence challenging these observations. The reviewed findings are suggestive, albeit not definitive, that there is a taste component for FFA...
  26. ncbi Effect of chronic consumption of almonds on body weight in healthy humans
    James Hollis
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
    Br J Nutr 98:651-6. 2007
    ..Whether this can be generalised to other high-fat energy dense foods warrants evaluation...
  27. ncbi Soup and satiety
    Richard Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 700 W State Street W Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Physiol Behav 83:739-47. 2005
    ..Thus, these data support the high satiety value of soups. It is proposed that cognitive factors are likely responsible...
  28. ncbi Financial incentive for diet recall accuracy does not affect reported energy intake or number of underreporters in a sample of overweight females
    Sara Hendrickson
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 107:118-21. 2007
    ..Overall, the incentive was ineffective in this small, homogeneous sample. Future studies should assess different forms of incentives, other study populations, and the probability of incentives causing undereating...
  29. ncbi Multiple routes of chemosensitivity to free fatty acids in humans
    Angela Chalé Rush
    Purdue Univ, Dept of Foods and Nutrition, 700 W State St, West Lafayette, IN 47907 1264, USA
    Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292:G1206-12. 2007
    ..In summary, 18-carbon FFAs of varying saturation are detected by multiple sensory systems in humans...
  30. ncbi Protein, weight management, and satiety
    Douglas Paddon-Jones
    Department of Physical Therapy, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 1144, USA
    Am J Clin Nutr 87:1558S-1561S. 2008
    ..Nevertheless, any potential benefits associated with a moderately elevated protein intake must be evaluated in the light of customary dietary practices and individual variability...
  31. ncbi Relationships between human thirst, hunger, drinking, and feeding
    Fiona McKiernan
    Purdue University, W Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
    Physiol Behav 94:700-8. 2008
    ..There are marked individual differences in mean daily hunger and thirst ratings with unknown implications for energy balance...
  32. ncbi Are all calories created equal? Emerging issues in weight management
    James H Hollis
    Purdue University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, 700 W State Street, W Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Curr Diab Rep 5:374-8. 2005
    ..Although any advantage may augment weight management, reported discrepancies between theoretical and observed effects are small. Thus, energy-restricted diets should be based primarily on energy intake and expenditure...
  33. ncbi Possible entrainment of ghrelin to habitual meal patterns in humans
    Julie M Frecka
    Purdue University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294:G699-707. 2008
    ..These data demonstrate that the timing of ghrelin peaks is related to habitual meal patterns and may rise in anticipation of eating rather than eliciting feeding...
  34. ncbi Effect of increased dairy consumption on appetitive ratings and food intake
    James H Hollis
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 212 Stone Hall, 700 W State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 15:1520-6. 2007
    ..The influence of dairy product consumption on food intake and appetitive sensations was explored in a cross-over design study with individuals who were habitually low (<1 serving/d) or high (>3 servings/d) dairy consumers...
  35. ncbi Appetite: measurement and manipulation misgivings
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 105:S87-97. 2005
    ..This article critically reviews the most common methods for assessment of appetite and the effects of selected food constituents on appetitive sensations. Translation of current knowledge to dietetic practice must be made cautiously...
  36. ncbi Effects of food unit size and energy density on intake in humans
    Amy Ann Devitt
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, Stone Hall, Rm. 212, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, USA
    Appetite 42:213-20. 2004
    ..The daily gram weight of food consumed and appetitive ratings were relatively consistent across treatments resulting in higher energy intake with HED foods...
  37. ncbi Effects of Ginkgo biloba on alertness and chemosensory function in healthy adults
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, W Lafayette, IN 47907 1264, USA
    Hum Psychopharmacol 19:81-90. 2004
    ..Performance on the chemosensory tests improved over the 13-week study. However, Ginkgo biloba was ineffective at alleviating the symptoms of the post-lunch dip or at enhancing taste and smell function...
  38. ncbi Peanut consumption improves indices of cardiovascular disease risk in healthy adults
    Corinna M Alper
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1264, USA
    J Am Coll Nutr 22:133-41. 2003
    ..No changes were found in total plasma homocysteine concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Regular peanut consumption lowers serum TAG, augments consumption of nutrients associated with reduced CVD risk and increases serum magnesium concentration...
  39. ncbi Effect of fat sources on satiety
    Rita C G Alfenas
    Foods and Nutrition Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
    Obes Res 11:183-7. 2003
    ..DISCUSSION: These data do not support a differential satiety effect of fat sources rich in monounsaturated fatty acids relative to one rich in saturated fatty acids...
  40. ncbi Ready-to-eat cereal used as a meal replacement promotes weight loss in humans
    Richard D Mattes
    Purdue University, Department of Foods and Nutrition, W Lafayette, Indiana 47907 1264, USA
    J Am Coll Nutr 21:570-7. 2002
    ....
  41. ncbi Oral fat exposure increases the first phase triacylglycerol concentration due to release of stored lipid in humans
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, W Lafayette, IN 47907 1264, USA
    J Nutr 132:3656-62. 2002
    ..If substantiated, additional understanding of the behavioral factors (e.g., eating patterns) that initiate this cascade will be warranted...
  42. ncbi Effect of orosensory stimulation on postprandial thermogenesis in humans
    Thomas J Tittelbach
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
    Physiol Behav 75:71-81. 2002
    ..These data suggest that orosensory stimulation with stimuli differing in lipid and carbohydrate content, but rated similarly in palatability, does not elicit an increased or differential diet-induced thermogenic response...
  43. ncbi The chemical senses and nutrition in aging: challenging old assumptions
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1264, USA
    J Am Diet Assoc 102:192-6. 2002
  44. ncbi Introduction
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Stone Hall, Room 212, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 14:155S. 2006
  45. ncbi Orosensory considerations
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 14:164S-167S. 2006
    ..Each role is achieved, in part, by the chemosensory cue initiating anticipatory responses for an impending homeostatic challenge, a meal...
  46. ncbi Protein intake during energy restriction: effects on body composition and markers of metabolic and cardiovascular health in postmenopausal women
    Anne K Mahon
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    J Am Coll Nutr 26:182-9. 2007
    ..The primary aim of this study was to assess the effects of dietary protein intake on energy restriction (ER)-induced changes in body mass and body composition. Clinical markers of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases were also measured...
  47. ncbi Summary
    Richard D Mattes
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Stone Hall, Room 212, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2059, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 14:186S. 2006
  48. ncbi Influence of sweetened chewing gum on appetite, meal patterning and energy intake
    Rebecca Ann Julis
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, Stone Hall, Room No 212, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 2059, USA
    Appetite 48:167-75. 2007
    ..While these results did not support an effect of brief chewing of a sweetened gum, further exploration of variations of the sensory properties of gum and exposure patterns may still prove worthwhile...
  49. ncbi Regular peanut consumption improves plasma lipid levels in healthy Ghanaians
    Phoebe Lokko
    Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
    Int J Food Sci Nutr 58:190-200. 2007
    ..To determine whether the daily intake of 2,092 kJ (500 kcal) from peanuts will improve the lipid profiles and diet quality of healthy Ghanaians...
  50. ncbi Effects of acute and chronic protein intake on metabolism, appetite, and ghrelin during weight loss
    Heather J Leidy
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Ingestive Behavior Research Center, Purdue University, 700 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
    Obesity (Silver Spring) 15:1215-25. 2007
    ..This study evaluated the effects of acute and chronic consumption of higher dietary protein on energy expenditure, macronutrient use, appetite, and appetite-regulating hormones during weight loss in women...
  51. ncbi Inadequate dietary protein increases hunger and desire to eat in younger and older men
    John W Apolzan
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
    J Nutr 137:1478-82. 2007
    ..Protein intake did not influence fullness. These results show that younger and older men who consume inadequate protein experience appetite changes that may promote increased food intake...
  52. ncbi Evidence for human orosensory (taste?) sensitivity to free fatty acids
    Angela Chale-Rush
    Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN 47907 1264, USA
    Chem Senses 32:423-31. 2007
    ..025 +/- 0.005%. The results suggest that linoleic, oleic, stearic, and oxidized linoleic acids are detectable in the oral cavity of humans with minimal input from the olfactory, capsaicin, and viscosity-assessing tactile systems...
  53. ncbi Influence of glycemic index/load on glycemic response, appetite, and food intake in healthy humans
    Rita C G Alfenas
    , , Brazil
    Diabetes Care 28:2123-9. 2005
    ..CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the differential glycemic response of foods tested in isolation under fixed time are not preserved under conditions of chronic ad libitum consumption of mixed meals...
  54. ncbi Insignificant data cannot yield statistically significant conclusions
    Karl Engelman
    Arch Intern Med 163:851, 855; author reply 856. 2003

Research Grants20

  1. HEDONICS AND DIETARY INTAKE OF FAT
    Richard Mattes; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..This will be explored through stable isotope tracer studies for Aim 3. The proposed work will hold important public health, clinical, commercial and basic biological implications. ..
  2. Food Rheology and Feeding in Lean and Obese Humans
    Richard Mattes; Fiscal Year: 2007
    ..abstract_text> ..
  3. HEDONICS AND DIETARY INTAKE OF FAT
    Richard Mattes; Fiscal Year: 2001
    ....
  4. Pre-Ingestive Influences on Solid and Fluid Food Intake in Lean and Obease Adults
    Richard D Mattes; Fiscal Year: 2010
    ..g., GI transit, gut endocrine secretion, glycemia) responses involved in energy balance in lean and obese individuals. ..