S Shiffman

..Assignment to the higher dose has traditionally been based on daily cigarette consumption. This paper evaluates efficacy of the gum when the 4-mg dose is assigned based on time to first cigarette (TTFC) being ≤ 30 min...

..Treatment with nicotine patch or lozenge is effective for women, and the analysis did not reveal significant gender differences in efficacy. Gender differences in outcome may be moderated by nicotine dependence...

..To examine time trends in amount of media coverage on tobacco cessation versus weight loss and test whether the 2 topics compete for limited media attention...

..To examine the occurrence of persistent use (i.e. use beyond 12 weeks) and concurrent use of nicotine gum with cigarettes among consumers who purchase nicotine gum over-the-counter (OTC)...

..We assessed the value of physician involvement in NRT prescription...

..Some expressed concerns that broader availability and lack of physician control might increase persistent use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)-that is, use beyond the period specified by the FDA approved label...

..We tested these alternative explanations in secondary analyses of data from a clinical trial of nicotine lozenges...

..Acute cravings, often provoked by exposure to smoking cues, appear to be important triggers for smoking relapse. Relief of acute craving may therefore be an important step in preventing relapse...

..The suggested framework is intended to clarify the debate, provide for common nomenclature, and facilitate analysis of diverse approaches to tobacco harm reduction...

..To assess and compare smokers' interest in medicinal nicotine (MN) and smokeless tobacco (SLT) and preference between them...

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..If PREPs are perceived as safe, they may deter smokers from quitting and encourage re-initiation by smokers who have quit...

..However, analyses have not specifically examined efficacy among light smokers (< or =15 cigarettes per day). The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of a nicotine lozenge in light smokers...

..Prior studies have shown that Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) decreases withdrawal symptom severity but have relied on retrospective reports and lacked robust measures of baseline symptoms or symptoms during unmedicated abstinence...

..The nicotine patch and lozenge are effective (vs. placebo) even in heavy and highly dependent smokers...

..The findings highlight the importance of dynamic changes in background conditions and in immediate states as important influences on lapses and relapse and also suggest the importance of considering person by situation interactions...

..To assess differences in demographic and smoking characteristics between smokers who have and have not used nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)...

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..Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has been shown to decrease the risk of progression from lapse to relapse. We hypothesized that this effect might be mediated via decreases in reinforcement from smoking lapses...

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..Thus, the NDSS presents a valid multidimensional assessment of nicotine dependence that may expand on current measures...

..New applications of existing and novel medicinal nicotine products may include relapse prevention, nicotine maintenance, temporary withdrawal management, reduced smoking and gradual quitting...

..We conclude that many smokers are interested in gradually reducing prior to quitting and that promoting reduction is unlikely to undermine motivation to quit smoking...

..Some smokers prefer acute oral forms, but many smokers reject chewing gum. We tested the safety and efficacy of a new nicotine polacrilex lozenge for smoking cessation...

..The primary end-point was craving during the evening hours, because previous research suggested that smoking relapse was particularly likely at that time...

..The suggested mechanism for the effects of nicotine replacement medications such as nicotine lozenges on smoking abstinence is reduction in the withdrawal symptoms of emotional distress and craving (the subjective desire to smoke)...

..Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is effective for smoking cessation, but most smokers try to quit without using it. We examined the impact of misperceptions of NRT safety and efficacy on its use...

..Given the importance of nicotine craving and withdrawal in the smoking cessation process, the current study examined the effects of bupropion on these parameters during smoking abstinence...

..Many smokers express a desire to quit smoking by gradually reducing the number of cigarettes they smoke until they stop completely. This study tested the efficacy of nicotine gum in facilitating cessation through gradual reduction...

..The best predictor of subsequent smoking satisfaction was the intensity of craving prior to smoking. Understanding subjective smoking satisfaction provides insight into sources of reinforcement for smoking...

..This study evaluated and compared several methods of assessing daily cigarette consumption...

..To examine the weight management interventions that a broad population of adults reported receiving from physicians and assess what drug-related and behavioral information physicians provided when they prescribe weight loss medications...

..Consumer-oriented treatment offerings would also recognize the diversity of smokers and match it with diverse approaches to quitting. Increasing use of treatment is important to increasing quit rates...

..The nicotine patch was safe and effective for smoking cessation at least during 10 weeks of treatment under open-sale conditions, without face-to-face instruction or counseling...

..Standard, generic self-help materials have been largely ineffective as behavioral treatments for smoking cessation. In contrast, self-help programs tailored to the needs of specific smokers have shown promise in facilitating quitting...

..To assess smoking cessation rates achieved with nicotine gum and patch in simulated over-the-counter (OTC) and actual prescription (Rx) settings...

..To evaluate systematically the effectiveness of six advertising strategies (two message strategies presented in three different contexts) designed to promote smoking cessation by addressing smokers' misperceptions about Light cigarettes...

..To test the impact of three health messages focusing on vent holes, sensory effects of Light and Ultra Light cigarettes, or health consequences of smoking, respectively, on beliefs and quitting intentions...

..To assess beliefs about the tar and nicotine delivery characteristics and health benefits of Light and Ultra Light cigarettes among cigarette smokers...

..Behavioral and pharmacological treatments have been shown to improve smoking cessation rates, but treatments are under-utilized...

..This study assessed frequency of quit attempts, use of treatments for cessation, and abstinence rates among treatment users and non-users...

..Among those who used it, the Committed Quitters Program proved to be an effective behavioral treatment, improving quit rates over nicotine replacement therapy and a brief untailored written guide and audiotape...

..This study demonstrated the utility of continuing patch treatment for symptom relief in weeks 7-10 of abstinence. Future research should examine the optimal duration of treatment, which may vary across different classes of smokers...

..It has been reported that the efficacy of acute forms of nicotine replacement therapy, such as nicotine gum and lozenges, improves when sufficient quantities of medication are used...

..To evaluate the incremental efficacy of starting nicotine patch treatment prior to quitting compared to the current regimen of starting patch treatment on the target quit day...

..More nicotine-dependent participants progressed more rapidly toward relapse, but neither the amount smoked in the first lapse nor its subjective reinforcement predicted progression...

..Temptations reported by lapsers and maintainers did not differ in any respect, including their reported coping. The results highlight situational variance over individual differences...

..These results indicate that selecting a quit-smoking day early in the follicular phase may attenuate withdrawal and negative affect in premenopausal female smokers...

..Only urge intensity at waking still predicted lapse risk; this was not because of this measured being closer in time to the day's lapses. Among lapsers, urge intensity at waking and in temptations rose preceding a lapse...

..The results demonstrate the interplay between individual traits and contextual influences in smoking relapse, and they particularly highlight the role of nicotine dependence in relation to contextual factors...

..Cue-induced craving plays an important role in smoking and relapse and likely in other addictions as well. Treatments to mitigate the effect of cue-induced craving are both important and needed...

..This research examined the performance of a broad range of measures posited to relate to smoking craving...

..However, the context rated with the least confidence proved to be the best outcome predictor, suggesting the existence of "Achilles' heel" situations. These data indicate the internal and predictive validity of the RSEQ...

..These results indicate that there are significant differences between the pharmacokinetics of the currently marketed patch systems, which may be important for effective relief of withdrawal symptoms and cigarette craving...

..5 standard deviations) in the evening. Daily smoking patterns were related to environmental smoking restrictions, but the strength of this relationship differed among clusters and by time of day. Clusters differed in lapse risk...

..However, the availability of light cigarettes may deter smoking cessation...

..This pattern of results remained when multiple lapse episodes were considered. Thus, low-ASE contexts tend to be associated with lapses to smoking...

..In this review, we present principles to guide the development of such a therapy, and for its application, should it be proven effective...

..We assessed factors associated with switching and the association between switching and (1) making a quit attempt, and (2) recent quitting, yielding a measure of net quitting (attempts x recent quitting)...

..Treatment applications of EMA are emerging. EMA captures substance use patterns not measured by questionnaires or retrospective data and holds promise for substance use research...

..The specificity of bupropion SR effects was also tested in exploratory analyses...

..People who smoke at night may need nicotine replacement therapy overnight. Future research should determine whether treatments that improve sleep quality also improve cessation outcomes in night smokers...

..6). The biggest effect of treatment was to prevent progression to relapse among those who had lapsed (HR = 7.1). Analysis of effects by milestones may enhance understanding of cessation treatments and their mechanisms of action...

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..Further research into the sources of this variance is critical to understanding the process of and risk for nicotine dependence...

..Smokers who previously tried pharmacological treatments but resumed smoking should be encouraged to try quitting again with the new nicotine lozenge...

..This article discusses the biobehavioral rationale for medication development, the opportunities, and some of the prominent technical and regulatory challenges...

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..17, 95% CI 0.68-2.03) or prolonged abstinence (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 0.75-2.12) substantially when offered in conjunction with active medication...

..Further research into the sources of this variance is critical to understanding the process of and risk for nicotine dependence...

..Based on these assessments, the re-estimated prevalence of NRT use by never smokers would be 0% among adults and 0.05% (95% CI=0.01-0.27%) among adolescents...

..ASE and POEs generally neither mediated nor moderated each other's effects. These data emphasize the role of dynamic factors in the relapse process...

..Indeed, analyses showed that the effect of cues was typically diminished under conditions of NA. No evidence was found to support the hypothesis that smoking cues and lapsing are more closely linked under NA conditions...

..Cue-provoked craving predicted relapse among participants on the nicotine patch but not among those on placebo. In summary, NRT users could benefit from treatment that attenuates cue-provoked craving...

..Research on more effective medication use along with policies that support improved access and utilization are vital to conquering the tobacco epidemic...

..We set out to explore further the nature of unplanned quit attempts among U.S. smokers...

..Use of dietary supplements for weight loss is common. More information about dietary supplements is necessary to correct misperceptions and encourage the use of safe and effective weight-loss methods...

..The findings suggest that the NDSS has acceptable psychometric properties when applied to adolescents, complementing smoking rate and FTND in a multidimensional smoking assessment...

..This suggests that other mechanisms for the effectiveness of NRT need to be examined...

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..To mitigate the confounders associated with correlational analyses, we contrast the effects of active gum and placebo, and analyze outcomes prospectively...

..Quantitative urge levels were significantly lower during absentminded lapses compared with nonabsentminded lapses; however, urges were not very low. Results indicate that absentminded lapses may occur but are probably relatively rare...

..A subsequent gum formulation (NTHG2) was developed to further increase speed of delivery...

..Previous findings linking job stress with cardiovascular disease may reflect the broader impact of daily psychological demands, not necessarily associated with the workplace...

..We test whether women and men have comparable success rates quitting smoking regardless of treatment, whether Bupropion SR is effective for women, and whether Bupropion SR efficacy differs for men and women...

..Coping failed to predict any pre- to poststressor mood changes. Possible explanations for the overall failure of coping to predict momentary mood changes are discussed...

..In sum, CBT to reduce weight concerns, but not behavioral weight control counseling to prevent weight gain, improves smoking cessation outcome in weight-concerned women...

..Binge eating NBED women tended to experience worse mood, less control, and more craving than other NBED women, contributing to evidence of the close relationship of binge eating and decrements in emotional and appetitive functioning...

..It is concluded that advances in assessment will proceed only when combined with additional research and a better theoretical understanding of craving...

..Likewise, gender and trait temptation and restriction moderated this process. The results are consistent with the Limit Violation Effect model (R. L. Collins, 1993) of mood and regulation of alcohol intake...

..To assess the efficacy of World Wide Web-based tailored behavioral smoking cessation materials among nicotine patch users...

..Attentional bias measures may tap an important component of dependence...

..Thus, rapid increases in NA, but not slow-changing shifts in stress and NA, were associated with relapse...

..These analyses indicate that the NDSS functions well in a Finnish family-based sample and provide additional validation of a new scale developed to capture complex behavioural features of nicotine dependence...

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..In addition, these data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that the remaining population of smokers is becoming more dependent on nicotine over time...