R Scott Obach

Summary

Affiliation: Pfizer Global Research and Development
Country: USA

Publications

  1. ncbi Human liver aldehyde oxidase: inhibition by 239 drugs
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    J Clin Pharmacol 44:7-19. 2004
  2. ncbi Glycerolysis of acyl glucuronides as an artifact of in vitro drug metabolism incubations
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 37:1581-6. 2009
  3. ncbi Predicting drug-drug interactions from in vitro drug metabolism data: challenges and recent advances
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 12:81-9. 2009
  4. ncbi Prediction of drug-drug interactions from in vitro induction data: application of the relative induction score approach using cryopreserved human hepatocytes
    Odette A Fahmi
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 36:1971-4. 2008
  5. ncbi Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 36:1385-405. 2008
  6. ncbi Pharmacologically active drug metabolites: impact on drug discovery and pharmacotherapy
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Pharmacol Rev 65:578-640. 2013
  7. ncbi Reduction and methylation of ziprasidone by glutathione, aldehyde oxidase, and thiol S-methyltransferase in humans: an in vitro study
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Xenobiotica 42:1049-57. 2012
  8. ncbi Heterotropic effects on drug-metabolizing enzyme activities: in vitro curiosity emerges as a clinically meaningful phenomenon (perhaps?)
    R S Obach
    Pfizer, Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    Clin Pharmacol Ther 91:385-7. 2012
  9. ncbi Drugs that inhibit oxidation reactions catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase do not inhibit the reductive metabolism of ziprasidone to its major metabolite, S-methyldihydroziprasidone: an in vitro study
    R Scott Obach
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    J Clin Psychopharmacol 25:605-8. 2005
  10. ncbi Metabolism and disposition of varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, in vivo and in vitro
    R Scott Obach
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 34:121-30. 2006

Detail Information

Publications95

  1. ncbi Human liver aldehyde oxidase: inhibition by 239 drugs
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    J Clin Pharmacol 44:7-19. 2004
    ....
  2. ncbi Glycerolysis of acyl glucuronides as an artifact of in vitro drug metabolism incubations
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 37:1581-6. 2009
    ..The potential formation of glycerol esters of carboxylic acid drugs undergoing acyl glucuronidation in vitro represents an experimental artifact to which drug metabolism scientists should be aware...
  3. ncbi Predicting drug-drug interactions from in vitro drug metabolism data: challenges and recent advances
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 12:81-9. 2009
    ..The findings of research reported over the past few years to address these uncertainties regarding the use of in vitro data to predict DDI are discussed...
  4. ncbi Prediction of drug-drug interactions from in vitro induction data: application of the relative induction score approach using cryopreserved human hepatocytes
    Odette A Fahmi
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 36:1971-4. 2008
    ..This study demonstrates the general applicability of the relative induction score approach using the human cryopreserved hepatocyte model to predict clinical DDI...
  5. ncbi Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 36:1385-405. 2008
    ....
  6. ncbi Pharmacologically active drug metabolites: impact on drug discovery and pharmacotherapy
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Pharmacol Rev 65:578-640. 2013
    ..A method to rapidly identify active metabolites in drug research is described. Finally, over 100 examples of drugs with active metabolites are discussed with regard to the importance of the metabolite(s) in efficacy and safety...
  7. ncbi Reduction and methylation of ziprasidone by glutathione, aldehyde oxidase, and thiol S-methyltransferase in humans: an in vitro study
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Xenobiotica 42:1049-57. 2012
    ..Thus, the main metabolic pathway for ziprasidone in humans occurs via chemical reduction and aldehyde oxidase catalyzed reduction, followed by thiol methyltransferase catalyzed methylation...
  8. ncbi Heterotropic effects on drug-metabolizing enzyme activities: in vitro curiosity emerges as a clinically meaningful phenomenon (perhaps?)
    R S Obach
    Pfizer, Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    Clin Pharmacol Ther 91:385-7. 2012
    ..This has been proposed to be due to the simultaneous binding of more than one ligand to the enzyme. This behavior has been frequently observed in vitro, but seldom are analogous effects evident in vivo...
  9. ncbi Drugs that inhibit oxidation reactions catalyzed by aldehyde oxidase do not inhibit the reductive metabolism of ziprasidone to its major metabolite, S-methyldihydroziprasidone: an in vitro study
    R Scott Obach
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    J Clin Psychopharmacol 25:605-8. 2005
    ..Aldehyde oxidase oxidation and reduction reactions appear to have different sensitivities to inhibitors. These data suggest that it is unlikely that aldehyde oxidase inhibitors could cause increases in ziprasidone exposure in the clinic...
  10. ncbi Metabolism and disposition of varenicline, a selective alpha4beta2 acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, in vivo and in vitro
    R Scott Obach
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 34:121-30. 2006
    ..The straightforward dispositional profile of varenicline should simplify its use in the clinic as an aid in smoking cessation...
  11. ncbi The utility of in vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition data in the prediction of drug-drug interactions
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, MS4088, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    J Pharmacol Exp Ther 316:336-48. 2006
    ..Overall, these findings support the conclusion that P450 in vitro inhibition data are valuable in designing clinical DDI study strategies and can be used to predict the magnitudes of DDI...
  12. ncbi Metabolism of nomifensine to a dihydroisoquinolinium ion metabolite by human myeloperoxidase, hemoglobin, monoamine oxidase A, and cytochrome P450 enzymes
    R Scott Obach
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 34:1310-6. 2006
    ..These findings suggest that the electrophilic nomifensine dihydroisoquinolinium metabolite, which can be generated by several enzymes, could be behind toxic responses to nomifensine such as hemolytic anemia and hepatotoxicity...
  13. ncbi In vitro metabolism of CP-122,721 ((2S,3S)-2-phenyl-3-[(5-trifluoromethoxy-2-methoxy)benzylamino]piperidine), a non-peptide antagonist of the substance P receptor
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 22:336-49. 2007
    ..Combined, these findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the metabolism of this new agent...
  14. ncbi Mechanism-based inactivation of human cytochrome p450 enzymes and the prediction of drug-drug interactions
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 35:246-55. 2007
    ..Overall, these findings support the conclusion that P450 in vitro inactivation data are valuable in predicting clinical DDIs that can occur via this mechanism...
  15. ncbi Metabolism of ramelteon in human liver microsomes and correlation with the effect of fluvoxamine on ramelteon pharmacokinetics
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer, Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 38:1381-91. 2010
    ..Nevertheless, the example of the fluvoxamine-ramelteon DDI offers a unique example wherein one drug can simultaneously inhibit multiple enzymatic pathways of a second drug...
  16. ncbi Comparison of metabolite profiles generated in Aroclor-induced rat liver and human liver subcellular fractions: considerations for in vitro genotoxicity hazard assessment
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Environ Mol Mutagen 49:631-41. 2008
    ....
  17. ncbi Predicting clearance in humans from in vitro data
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Curr Top Med Chem 11:334-9. 2011
    ..Finally, some other drug clearance processes that have been emerging as important are described with regard to ongoing research efforts to develop clearance prediction methods...
  18. ncbi Can in vitro metabolism-dependent covalent binding data in liver microsomes distinguish hepatotoxic from nonhepatotoxic drugs? An analysis of 18 drugs with consideration of intrinsic clearance and daily dose
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Chem Res Toxicol 21:1814-22. 2008
    ....
  19. ncbi In vitro metabolism and covalent binding of enol-carboxamide derivatives and anti-inflammatory agents sudoxicam and meloxicam: insights into the hepatotoxicity of sudoxicam
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    Chem Res Toxicol 21:1890-9. 2008
    ....
  20. ncbi Radiolabelled mass-balance excretion and metabolism studies in laboratory animals: are they still necessary?
    R Scott Obach
    Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
    Xenobiotica 42:46-56. 2012
    ....
  21. ncbi Selective mechanism-based inactivation of CYP3A4 by CYP3cide (PF-04981517) and its utility as an in vitro tool for delineating the relative roles of CYP3A4 versus CYP3A5 in the metabolism of drugs
    Robert L Walsky
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, CT, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 40:1686-97. 2012
    ....
  22. ncbi Comparison of different algorithms for predicting clinical drug-drug interactions, based on the use of CYP3A4 in vitro data: predictions of compounds as precipitants of interaction
    Odette A Fahmi
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, UA
    Drug Metab Dispos 37:1658-66. 2009
    ..59 and 1.47. From these findings it can be concluded that in vivo DDIs for CYP3A4 can be predicted from in vitro data, even when more than one biochemical phenomenon occurs simultaneously...
  23. ncbi Cross-species comparison of the metabolism and excretion of zoniporide: contribution of aldehyde oxidase to interspecies differences
    Deepak Dalvie
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 38:641-54. 2010
    ..No further evaluation of M2 was considered because it was detected only in the human fecal extracts. Hence, no further toxicological evaluation of the three human metabolites was undertaken...
  24. ncbi Evaluation of 227 drugs for in vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 2B6
    Robert L Walsky
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton New London Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    J Clin Pharmacol 46:1426-38. 2006
    ..These findings are discussed in context to potential drug interactions that could be observed between these agents and drugs for which CYP2B6 is involved in metabolism...
  25. ncbi Metabolism of a dopamine receptor partial agonist in rats, including an unusual N-dearylation reaction
    Sabrina X Zhao
    Pfizer Inc, Groton, U S
    Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26:266-79. 2011
    ..An additional mechanism involves oxidation of the naphthol metabolite via a radical mechanism, since this metabolite was also shown to undergo N-dearylation...
  26. ncbi Deuterium isotope effects on drug pharmacokinetics. I. System-dependent effects of specific deuteration with aldehyde oxidase cleared drugs
    Raman Sharma
    Department of Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 40:625-34. 2012
    ....
  27. ncbi Prediction of human volume of distribution values for neutral and basic drugs. 2. Extended data set and leave-class-out statistics
    Franco Lombardo
    Molecular Properties Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    J Med Chem 47:1242-50. 2004
    ..The reduction in the use of animals and the overall faster and cheaper accessibility of the parameters used make this method highly attractive for prospectively predicting the VD of new chemical entities in humans...
  28. ncbi Validated assays for human cytochrome P450 activities
    Robert L Walsky
    Pharacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 32:647-60. 2004
    ..These methods should prove useful in the routine assessments of the potential for new drug candidates to elicit pharmacokinetic drug interactions via inhibition of cytochrome P450 activities...
  29. ncbi Mechanistic insights from comparing intrinsic clearance values between human liver microsomes and hepatocytes to guide drug design
    Li Di
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Eur J Med Chem 57:441-8. 2012
    ..The findings are very useful for drug discovery programs to gain additional insights on mechanistic information to help drug design without added experiments. Follow-up studies can then be designed to address specific questions...
  30. ncbi NADPH-dependent covalent binding of [3H]paroxetine to human liver microsomes and S-9 fractions: identification of an electrophilic quinone metabolite of paroxetine
    Sabrina X Zhao
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    Chem Res Toxicol 20:1649-57. 2007
    ....
  31. ncbi A novel relay method for determining low-clearance values
    Li Di
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 40:1860-5. 2012
    ..The relay method is a straightforward, relatively low cost, and easy-to-use new tool to address the challenges of low clearance in drug discovery and development...
  32. ncbi Assessment of three human in vitro systems in the generation of major human excretory and circulating metabolites
    Deepak Dalvie
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, USA
    Chem Res Toxicol 22:357-68. 2009
    ....
  33. ncbi Optimized assays for human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) activities: altered alamethicin concentration and utility to screen for UGT inhibitors
    Robert L Walsky
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 40:1051-65. 2012
    ....
  34. ncbi Unexpected effect of rifampin on the pharmacokinetics of linezolid: in silico and in vitro approaches to explain its mechanism
    Kuan Gandelman
    Pfizer Inc, 235 East 42nd St, New York, NY 10017, USA
    J Clin Pharmacol 51:229-36. 2011
    ..The clinical significance of the decreased linezolid levels is unclear. Linezolid and rifampin administered alone or in combination was generally safe and well tolerated...
  35. ncbi Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and excretion of the 5-hydroxytryptamine1b receptor antagonist elzasonan in humans
    Amin Kamel
    Departments of Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 38:1984-99. 2010
    ....
  36. ncbi In vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition data and the prediction of drug-drug interactions: qualitative relationships, quantitative predictions, and the rank-order approach
    R Scott Obach
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories MS 4088, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Clin Pharmacol Ther 78:582-92. 2005
  37. ncbi Biotransformation of a GABAA receptor partial agonist in sprague-dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys: identification of two unique N-carbamoyl metabolites
    Christopher L Shaffer
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton New London Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, MS 4075, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 33:1688-99. 2005
    ..It is proposed that M7 arises from an equilibrium between 1 and dissolved CO2-equivalents both in vivo and in vitro, similar to carbamino bonds observed in hemoglobin and certain amino acids, respectively...
  38. ncbi Drug-drug interactions via mechanism-based cytochrome P450 inactivation: points to consider for risk assessment from in vitro data and clinical pharmacologic evaluation
    Karthik Venkatakrishnan
    Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, MS 8260 2626, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Curr Drug Metab 8:449-62. 2007
    ..The time course of reversal of DDI resulting from CYP inactivation is determined by the half-life of the enzyme which is an important consideration in the design and interpretation of clinical DDI studies with inactivators...
  39. ncbi A comparison of 2-phenyl-2-(1-piperidinyl)propane (ppp), 1,1',1''-phosphinothioylidynetrisaziridine (thioTEPA), clopidogrel, and ticlopidine as selective inactivators of human cytochrome P450 2B6
    Robert L Walsky
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 35:2053-9. 2007
    ..Therefore, PPP can serve as a selective chemical inactivator of CYP2B6 and be used to define the role of CYP2B6 in the metabolism of drugs...
  40. ncbi Can in vitro metabolism-dependent covalent binding data distinguish hepatotoxic from nonhepatotoxic drugs? An analysis using human hepatocytes and liver S-9 fraction
    Jonathon N Bauman
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Chem Res Toxicol 22:332-40. 2009
    ..will be essential to any understanding of the problem of metabolism-dependent hepatotoxicity and predicting toxicity from in vitro experiments...
  41. ncbi Potent inhibition of human liver aldehyde oxidase by raloxifene
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 32:89-97. 2004
    ....
  42. ncbi A review of the clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of varenicline for smoking cessation
    Hélène M Faessel
    Clinical Pharmacology, Primary Care Unit, Pfizer Inc, New London, Connecticut 06320, USA
    Clin Pharmacokinet 49:799-816. 2010
    ..In all, the predictable pharmacokinetic properties and straightforward dispositional profile of varenicline simplify its use in clinical practice...
  43. ncbi Selective inhibition of human cytochrome P4502C8 by montelukast
    Robert L Walsky
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 33:413-8. 2005
    ....
  44. ncbi Measurement of in vitro cytochrome P450 2B6 activity
    Robert L Walsky
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    Curr Protoc Toxicol . 2009
    ..This assay allows the use of very low concentrations of human liver microsomes or recombinant enzyme, and it represents a selective, sensitive approach to assessing in vitro CYP2B6 activity, with minimal sample preparation...
  45. ncbi Hydralazine as a selective probe inactivator of aldehyde oxidase in human hepatocytes: estimation of the contribution of aldehyde oxidase to metabolic clearance
    Timothy J Strelevitz
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Pont Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 40:1441-8. 2012
    ..Overall, these findings demonstrate that hydralazine, at a concentration of 25 to 50 μM, can be used in human hepatocyte incubations to estimate the contribution of AO to the hepatic clearance of drugs and other compounds...
  46. ncbi Metabolic activation in drug-induced liver injury
    Louis Leung
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340 5196, USA
    Drug Metab Rev 44:18-33. 2012
    ....
  47. ncbi Drug metabolism and drug interactions: application and clinical value of in vitro models
    Karthik Venkatakrishnan
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
    Curr Drug Metab 4:423-59. 2003
    ....
  48. ncbi Effect of intestinal glucuronidation in limiting hepatic exposure and bioactivation of raloxifene in humans and rats
    Deepak Dalvie
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, USA
    Chem Res Toxicol 21:2260-71. 2008
    ....
  49. ncbi A hybrid mixture discriminant analysis-random forest computational model for the prediction of volume of distribution of drugs in human
    Franco Lombardo
    Computational Chemistry and Scientific Computing Groups and Groton Non Clinical Statistics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    J Med Chem 49:2262-7. 2006
    ..The computational model described can predict human VD(ss) with an accuracy comparable to predictions requiring substantially greater effort and can be applied in place of animal experimentation...
  50. ncbi Metabolites in safety testing (MIST): considerations of mechanisms of toxicity with dose, abundance, and duration of treatment
    Dennis A Smith
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Sandwich, Kent, UK
    Chem Res Toxicol 22:267-79. 2009
    ..The review also updates the enzymatic basis for the differences between species and how these relate to MIST considerations...
  51. ncbi In vitro-in vivo correlation for intrinsic clearance for drugs metabolized by human aldehyde oxidase
    Michael Zientek
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism Pfizer Inc, La Jolla, California, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 38:1322-7. 2010
    ....
  52. ncbi Using Simcyp to project human oral pharmacokinetic variability in early drug research to mitigate mechanism-based adverse events
    Christopher L Shaffer
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Biopharm Drug Dispos 33:72-84. 2012
    ..This evaluation aided in the selection of compounds for preclinical progression, and represents a novel application of pharmacologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) software approaches to predict interpatient variability...
  53. ncbi Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination
    Manthena V S Varma
    Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    J Med Chem 53:1098-108. 2010
    ..This analysis may provide a rational judgment on the physicochemical space to optimize oral bioavailability...
  54. ncbi What is the objective of the mass balance study? A retrospective analysis of data in animal and human excretion studies employing radiolabeled drugs
    Sarah J Roffey
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc, Sandwich, Kent, UK
    Drug Metab Rev 39:17-43. 2007
    ....
  55. ncbi Measurement of Michaelis constants for cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation reactions using a substrate depletion approach
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 30:831-7. 2002
    ....
  56. ncbi A comprehensive listing of bioactivation pathways of organic functional groups
    Amit S Kalgutkar
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, PGRD, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Curr Drug Metab 6:161-225. 2005
    ....
  57. ncbi Lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between a smoking cessation therapy, varenicline, and warfarin: an in vivo and in vitro study
    Aaron H Burstein
    PharmD, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton New London Labs, Eastern Point Road MS8260 2505, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    J Clin Pharmacol 47:1421-9. 2007
    ..Concomitant administration of varenicline and warfarin was well tolerated. Consequently, warfarin can be safely administered with varenicline without the need for dose adjustment...
  58. ncbi Examination of 209 drugs for inhibition of cytochrome P450 2C8
    Robert L Walsky
    Pharmacokientics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/New London Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    J Clin Pharmacol 45:68-78. 2005
    ....
  59. ncbi A simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to determine relative plasma exposures of drug metabolites across species for metabolite safety assessments (metabolites in safety testing). II. Application to unstable metabolites
    Hongying Gao
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Eastern Point Road, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 40:1290-6. 2012
    ..Stability of suspected unstable metabolites can be tested using the methodology described above...
  60. ncbi Mechanism-based inactivation of human recombinant P450 2C9 by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug suprofen
    John P O'Donnell
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 31:1369-77. 2003
    ..This electrophilic alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehyde represents a possible reactive intermediate that bioalkylates P450 2C9...
  61. ncbi A simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to determine relative plasma exposures of drug metabolites across species for metabolite safety assessments
    Hongying Gao
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 38:2147-56. 2010
    ..A strategy for application of this approach within standard drug development processes is described...
  62. ncbi Assessment of a micropatterned hepatocyte coculture system to generate major human excretory and circulating drug metabolites
    Wendy WeiWei Wang
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Rd, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 38:1900-5. 2010
    ..These results suggest that this in vitro system offers the highest performance among in vitro metabolism systems to predict major human in vivo metabolites...
  63. ncbi Addressing MIST (Metabolites in Safety Testing): bioanalytical approaches to address metabolite exposures in humans and animals
    Hongying Gao
    Pfizer Inc Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Curr Drug Metab 12:578-86. 2011
    ..The rigor of the bioanalysis is increased accordingly based on the results of animal:human ratio measurements. This data driven bioanalysis strategy to address MIST issues within standard drug development processes is described...
  64. ncbi A strategy for the risk assessment of human genotoxic metabolites
    Krista L Dobo
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, Genetic Toxicology, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Chem Res Toxicol 22:348-56. 2009
    ..Practical case examples are presented to illustrate the application of the risk assessment method within the context of drug development and to highlight its utility and limitations...
  65. ncbi Impact of nonspecific binding to microsomes and phospholipid on the inhibition of cytochrome P4502D6: implications for relating in vitro inhibition data to in vivo drug interactions
    Jeannine M Margolis
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 31:606-11. 2003
    ..The implications of this on the prediction of drug-drug interactions from in vitro data are discussed...
  66. ncbi Sertraline is metabolized by multiple cytochrome P450 enzymes, monoamine oxidases, and glucuronyl transferases in human: an in vitro study
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Groton Laboratories, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 33:262-70. 2005
    ..g., CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP2C9, UGT1A1) that could profoundly impact the pharmacokinetics of sertraline...
  67. ncbi In vitro-in vivo extrapolation of CYP2D6 inactivation by paroxetine: prediction of nonstationary pharmacokinetics and drug interaction magnitude
    Karthik Venkatakrishnan
    Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 33:845-52. 2005
    ..In summary, the scaling model for mechanism-based inactivation successfully predicted the pharmacokinetic consequences of CYP2D6 inactivation by paroxetine from in vitro data...
  68. ncbi Biotransformation reactions of five-membered aromatic heterocyclic rings
    Deepak K Dalvie
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Chem Res Toxicol 15:269-99. 2002
  69. ncbi Strategy for genotoxicity testing--metabolic considerations
    Warren W Ku
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Mutat Res 627:59-77. 2007
    ....
  70. ncbi Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 enzymes: chemical mechanisms, structure-activity relationships and relationship to clinical drug-drug interactions and idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions
    Amit S Kalgutkar
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Curr Drug Metab 8:407-47. 2007
    ..In addition, the current state-of-the-art of the methodology used in predicting the magnitude of DDIs using in vitro P450 inactivation data and human pharmacokinetic parameters is discussed in detail...
  71. ncbi Application of CYP3A4 in vitro data to predict clinical drug-drug interactions; predictions of compounds as objects of interaction
    Kuresh A Youdim
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sandwich, Kent, UK
    Br J Clin Pharmacol 65:680-92. 2008
    ..Prediction of DDIs from in vitro data is commonly obtained using estimates of enzyme K(i), inhibitor and substrate concentrations and absorption rate for substrate and inhibitor...
  72. ncbi Metabolites and safety: What are the concerns, and how should we address them?
    Dennis A Smith
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Global Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    Chem Res Toxicol 19:1570-9. 2006
    ....
  73. ncbi Cytochrome P450 3A4 mRNA is a more reliable marker than CYP3A4 activity for detecting pregnane X receptor-activated induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes
    Odette A Fahmi
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism Department, Pfizer Inc Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 38:1605-11. 2010
    ..The best classification was observed when the cutoff criteria based on fold induction relative to the vehicle control, using mRNA data are used...
  74. ncbi Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and excretion of torcetrapib, a cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor, in humans
    Deepak Dalvie
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 36:2185-98. 2008
    ..Subsequent oxidations lead to the major circulating and excretory metabolites M1 and M4...
  75. ncbi Effects of steady-state lasofoxifene on CYP2D6- and CYP2E1-mediated metabolism
    Robert A Moller
    Pfizer Worldwide Clinical Development, New York, NY 10017 5755, USA
    Ann Pharmacother 40:32-7. 2006
    ..Lasofoxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, may be coadministered with other drugs, raising the issue of drug-drug interactions...
  76. ncbi A holistic strategy for characterizing the safety of metabolites through drug discovery and development
    Don Walker
    Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
    Chem Res Toxicol 22:1653-62. 2009
    ....
  77. ncbi Metabolites: have we MIST out the importance of structure and physicochemistry?
    Dennis A Smith
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Sandwich, Kent, UK
    Bioanalysis 2:1223-33. 2010
    ..Assignment of clearance routes is facilitated by assessment of the proportion of parent drug cleared by the various routes using excreted metabolite data...
  78. ncbi The impact of P-glycoprotein on the disposition of drugs targeted for indications of the central nervous system: evaluation using the MDR1A/1B knockout mouse model
    Angela Doran
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 33:165-74. 2005
    ..However, for such agents, unbound plasma concentrations may need to be greater than values projected using receptor affinity data to achieve adequate receptor occupancy for effect...
  79. ncbi Reaction phenotyping in drug discovery: moving forward with confidence?
    J Andrew Williams
    Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
    Curr Drug Metab 4:527-34. 2003
    ..Consequently, this data should be used to avoid costly late stage attrition...
  80. ncbi Prediction of volume of distribution values in humans for neutral and basic drugs using physicochemical measurements and plasma protein binding data
    Franco Lombardo
    Molecular Properties Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    J Med Chem 45:2867-76. 2002
    ..A discussion of the potential errors that may be encountered, including errors in the determination of f(u), is offered, and the caveats about the use of computed vs experimentally determined logD and pK(a) values are addressed...
  81. ncbi 2-aryloxy-4-alkylaminopyridines: discovery of novel corticotropin-releasing factor 1 antagonists
    Yuhpyng L Chen
    Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pfizer, Inc, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
    J Med Chem 51:1385-92. 2008
    ..Compound 3a was advanced to the clinic. The synthesis of representative potential candidates and their in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo data are described...
  82. ncbi From definition to implementation: a cross-industry perspective of past, current and future MIST strategies
    Angus N R Nedderman
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
    Xenobiotica 41:605-22. 2011
    ....
  83. ncbi Clearing the MIST (metabolites in safety testing) of time: The impact of duration of administration on drug metabolite toxicity
    Dennis A Smith
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Sandwich, Kent, UK
    Chem Biol Interact 179:60-7. 2009
    ..The perceived risk of a unique human metabolite as a potential health risk by carcinogenesis becomes exceedingly low when the time scale for effect is compared with the age of patients undergoing therapy and their duration of treatment...
  84. ncbi Seeing through the mist: abundance versus percentage. Commentary on metabolites in safety testing
    Dennis A Smith
    Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc, Sandwich, Kent, UK CT13 9NJ
    Drug Metab Dispos 33:1409-17. 2005
    ..g., suprapharmacological effects, secondary pharmacological effects, nonspecific effects). Decision trees are described that can be used to address human metabolites in safety testing...
  85. ncbi Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance
    Manthena V S Varma
    Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut, USA
    J Med Chem 52:4844-52. 2009
    ..These fundamental properties can be valuable in early prediction of human renal clearance and can aid the chemist in structural modifications to optimize drug disposition...
  86. ncbi Drug-drug interactions: an important negative attribute in drugs
    R Scott Obach
    Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
    Drugs Today (Barc) 39:301-38. 2003
    ....
  87. ncbi Maximal inhibition of intestinal first-pass metabolism as a pragmatic indicator of intestinal contribution to the drug-drug interactions for CYP3A4 cleared drugs
    Aleksandra Galetin
    School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
    Curr Drug Metab 8:685-93. 2007
    ....
  88. ncbi Microsomal protein concentration modifies the apparent inhibitory potency of CYP3A inhibitors
    Thanh Huu Tran
    Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine and New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 30:1441-5. 2002
    ..The effect can be minimized by use of the lowest possible microsomal protein concentration for in vitro studies of metabolic inhibition...
  89. ncbi Apparent mechanism-based inhibition of human CYP2D6 in vitro by paroxetine: comparison with fluoxetine and quinidine
    Kirk M Bertelsen
    Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 31:289-93. 2003
    ..These data are consistent with mechanism-based inhibition of CYP2D6 by paroxetine but not by quinidine or fluoxetine...
  90. ncbi The conduct of in vitro and in vivo drug-drug interaction studies: a Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) perspective
    Thorir D Bjornsson
    Wyeth, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
    Drug Metab Dispos 31:815-32. 2003
    ....
  91. ncbi Ziprasidone metabolism, aldehyde oxidase, and clinical implications
    Christine Beedham
    Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, United Kingdom
    J Clin Psychopharmacol 23:229-32. 2003
    ..Consequently, it is unlikely that there would be any pharmacokinetic interaction between ethanol and ziprasidone...
  92. ncbi Varenicline: new treatment with efficacy in smoking cessation
    Victor I Reus
    Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94143 0984, USA
    Drugs Today (Barc) 43:65-75. 2007
    ..Its targeted mechanism of action, superior efficacy and excellent tolerability make varenicline a welcome and useful addition to the therapeutic options for smoking cessation...
  93. ncbi Impact of parallel pathways of drug elimination and multiple cytochrome P450 involvement on drug-drug interactions: CYP2D6 paradigm
    Kiyomi Ito
    School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
    Drug Metab Dispos 33:837-44. 2005
    ..It is concluded that incorporating parallel pathways provides a valuable step forward in making quantitative predictions of drug-drug interactions from in vitro data...
  94. ncbi Verification of the selectivity of (+)N-3-benzylnirvanol as a CYP2C19 inhibitor
    Robert L Walsky
    Drug Metab Dispos 31:343. 2003
  95. ncbi The time to move cytochrome p450 induction into mainstream pharmacology is long overdue
    Dennis A Smith
    Drug Metab Dispos 35:697-8. 2007