Penny M Kris-Etherton

..For stearic acid to become the primary replacement for TFA, it is essential that its physical properties and biological effects be well understood...

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..The dietary fat recommendations are higher for children 4 to 18 yrs (i.e., 25 to 35% of energy) compared with adults (i.e., 20 to 35% of energy). Despite this, many parents and children restrict dietary fat for health reasons...

..Feeding periods must be of adequate duration for stabilization of endpoints. Attention to these study design issues is imperative for meaningful conclusions to be reached about the effects of individual fatty acids...

..A growing evidence base shows that dairy product consumption is involved in the regulation of BP. Consequently, inclusion of dairy products in a heart healthy diet is an important focal point to attain BP benefits...

..Because of the beneficial effects of n-3 fatty acids, it is recommended that vegetarians make dietary changes to optimize n-3 fatty acid status...

..Because of the many health benefits of DHA and EPA, it is important and timely that the National Academies establish DRIs for the individual long-chain (20 carbons or greater) omega-3 fatty acids...

..Nuts and peanuts are food sources that are a composite of numerous cardioprotective nutrients and if routinely incorporated in a healthy diet, population risk of CHD would therefore be expected to decrease markedly...

..The discovery of novel health effects of bioactive compounds will provide the scientific basis for future efforts to use biotechnology to modify/fortify foods and food components as a means to improve public health...

..Research is needed to establish the optimal level of dietary PUFAs that maximally affects the greatest number of health risk factors...

..High-monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), cholesterol-lowering diets do not raise triacylglycerol or lower HDL cholesterol, but little is known about how peanut products, a rich source of MUFAs, affect CVD risk...

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..Further studies are needed to identify these constituents and establish their relative cholesterol-lowering potency...

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..Nonetheless, the guiding principle is that moderation in total fat is the defining benchmark for a contemporary diet that reduces risk of chronic disease...

..In addition, fish oil supplements can help further to reduce plasma triglycerides. Thus, the combined effects of multiple dietary interventions provide the most potent means of maximally lowering the plasma triglyceride level...

..However, it is not clear whether adding soy to a low-fat diet has additional lipid-lowering benefits, and few previous studies have examined these effects in women using hormone replacement therapy (HRT+)...

..However, IR individuals do not achieve the full benefits of the same diet on cardiovascular disease (CVD) lipid risk factors...

..05); the ALA Diet decreased HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI compared with the AAD (P < 0.05). ALA appears to decrease CVD risk by inhibiting vascular inflammation and endothelial activation beyond its lipid-lowering effects...

..The results indicate that plant sources of dietary n-3 PUFA may have a protective effect on bone metabolism via a decrease in bone resorption in the presence of consistent levels of bone formation...

..Foods enriched with EPA and DHA or fish oil supplements are a suitable alternate to achieve recommended intakes and may be necessary to achieve intakes of 1 g/d...

..Based on a very large evidence base, it is clear that diet and lifestyle practices can markedly affect these major CHD lipid risk factors, and consequently decrease CHD risk substantively...

..5%) compared with the run-in diet. These results suggest that inflammation may not only attenuate lipid responses, but also aggravate dyslipidemia in hypercholesterolemic subjects consuming a cholesterol-lowering diet...

..In a previous article, we showed significant reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and several markers of inflammation with increasing intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) from walnuts and flax...

..From a practical perspective, this translates to recommending a diet rich in a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, oils, and nuts...

..A Step I diet with lean beef compared with lean white meat both decrease LDL cholesterol. To our knowledge, no studies have evaluated a low-saturated fatty acid (SFA) (<7% calories) diet that contains lean beef...

..Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. We previously reported that a diet high in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) reduces lipid and inflammatory cardiovascular disease risk factors in hypercholesterolemic subjects...

..Registered dietitians play a pivotal role in translating dietary recommendations for fat and fatty acids into healthful dietary patterns for different population groups...

..However, few clinical trials have tested whether incorporating whole grains into a hypocaloric diet increases weight loss and improves CVD risk factors...

..Furthermore, the effects of the fatty acids appeared to be independent of any change in SREBP-1 protein...

..The results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids may be, in part, due to the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation via activation of PPARgamma...

..Since PUFAs are important for cholesterol lowering, foods that replace saturated fatty acids should include a balance of unsaturated fatty acids...

..Nut consumption lowers cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Studies are lacking about the effects of pistachios, a nutrient-dense nut, on CVD risk factors, dose-response relations, and lipid-lowering mechanisms...

..Studies using higher doses have shown evidence of reduced inflammation and improved endothelial function. Few studies have compared these doses...

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..Healthy dietary patterns that emphasize nutrient-dense foods will significantly benefit public health, in part, by reducing CVD risk...

..As expected, lag time was increased after the women consumed the low fat, low SFA diet. Therefore, the results of this study do not support a relationship between iron status and LDL oxidation...

..This 1-year clinical trial tested the effect on weight loss of a diet incorporating one or two servings per day of foods equal in energy but differing in energy density...

..Taken together, these data support an effect of walnut and its bioactive constituents on mammary epithelial cells and that multiple molecular targets may be involved...

..Consumption of dairy foods has been associated with lower blood pressure in certain populations...

..There was no effect of diet on fasting flow-mediated dilation. Reductions in peripheral vascular constriction and the resulting decrease in hemodynamic load may be important contributors to lower risk in nut consumers...

..Despite a higher energy intake over a two-day period, peanut consumption was not associated with a higher BMI...

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..Considerable research has focused on implementing these guidelines for maximal cardiovascular risk reduction, and this review will discuss the role of specific dietary strategies and select nutrition supplements in achieving this goal...

..Omega-3 fatty acids reduced heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in some studies, but dose-response studies are rare, and little is known about underlying mechanisms...

..Thus, normalizing adipose tissue mass is an important goal for maximizing the diet response to a plasma cholesterol-lowering diet...

..02). There were no treatment differences in glucose, total thiols, lipophilic ORAC, or total ORAC. The incorporation of spices into the diet may help normalize postprandial insulin and TG and enhance antioxidant defenses...

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..Plasma lipoproteins may be classified by their apolipoprotein composition. The lipoprotein subclass containing apolipoproteins B and C (LpB:C) is considered the most atherogenic...

..In conclusion, repression of SCD1 by ALA favorably increased cholesterol efflux and decreased cholesterol accumulation in foam cells. This may be one mechanism by which dietary omega-3 PUFAs promote atherosclerosis regression...

..abstract:..

..The findings of animal and human studies suggest that a certain component in milk enhances food folate bioavailability...

..Nuts as an isocaloric substitute for high SFA foods increase the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and decrease SFA, thereby lowering CVD risk...

..Only the changes in glucose differed between the diet periods. Serum C-peptide and plasma insulin levels did not change in participants consuming either diet. Healthful dietary changes can improve biomarkers of IR and inflammation...

..Prescription omega-3 fatty acid concentrates (P-OM3) are indicated for use in people with very high triglycerides (> 500 mg/dl). Current guidelines recommend that triglycerides should be less < 150 mg/dl...

..Consuming the drink after exercise resulted in a mean change of 2.6 +/- 6 compared to 13.7 +/- 10 for the control. In summary, the drink was effective in decreasing the level of self-reported perceived soreness after exhaustive exercise...

..Evaluating sleep patterns and recommending regular, sufficient sleep for individuals striving to manage weight may be prudent...

..Tocopherols may protect against prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD)...

..Understanding how individual grains, in both natural and processed states, affect CHD risk can inform nutrition recommendations and policies and ultimately benefit public health...

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..These initiatives and regulations, along with potential TFA alternatives, are presented herein...

..6%-16.0% energy) was associated with less progression of coronary atherosclerosis, whereas carbohydrate intake (67% energy) was associated with a greater degree of progression in postmenopausal women...

..0 % of energy and predicted CVD risk by 1.5 %. Based solely on changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins, all PHSBO replacement models reduced estimated CVD risk, albeit less than previously reported using simpler replacement models...

..Thus, the results do not support a relation between iron status and LDL oxidative susceptibility, a possible risk factor for cardiovascular disease...

..This article summarizes our current understanding of effective weight loss programs...

..Additional research is needed to better understand the mechanism(s) by which antioxidant-rich foods and beverages favorably affect endothelial function and the extent to which this reflects direct antioxidant effects...

..Polyunsaturated fatty acids lower serum triglycerides by a mechanism that may involve the inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)...

..Consequently, a review of the evidence for and against high-carbohydrate diets is important to put this controversy into perspective. The current dietary recommendations for carbohydrate intake are supported by the evidence...

..Furthermore, CLA had no effect on SREBP-1 abundance. These results suggest that CLA upregulates LDLr expression via a mechanism that is independent of ACAT and SREBP-1...

..Further study is also needed to clarify the biologic mechanisms influencing the observed associations...

..Thus, approximate estimates of flavonoid rich chocolate needed to exert acute and chronic effects are 38 and 125 g, respectively. Collectively, the antioxidant effects of flavonoid-rich foods may reduce cardiovascular disease risk...

..Lower fat (LF) diets increase triglyceride (TG) and decrease high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C); moderate fat (MF) diets decrease TG and lower HDL-C less...

..This fluorescent mimic of cholesterol provides a safe, sensitive, and reproducible alternative to radioactive assays in efflux experiments and has great potential as a valuable tool when incorporated into a drug discovery program...

..On the basis of these results, reduced stearic acid absorption does not appear to be responsible for the differences in plasma lipoprotein responses to stearic acid relative to other saturated or unsaturated fatty acids...

..0% per serving per week)...

..4 g.kg(-1).d(-1) protein and 3 dairy servings increased urinary calcium excretion but provided improved calcium intake and attenuated bone loss over 4 mo of weight loss and 8 additional mo of weight maintenance...

..This consistent literature suggests nuts may be included in the diet, in moderation, to enhance palatability and nutrient quality without posing a threat for weight gain...

..9%. Small quantities of fish consumption were associated with risk reductions in nonfatal MI risk by 27%, but additional fish consumption conferred no incremental benefits...

..Modeling analyses can help researchers explore the overall effect of specific dietary recommendations on intake patterns...

..To examine the effect of substituting canola oil for selected vegetable oils and canola oil-based margarine for other spreads on energy, fatty acid, and cholesterol intakes among US adults...

..In subjects with a high prevalence of metabolic risk abnormalities, the preferred replacement for saturated fat is unresolved...

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..com). Potential mechanisms and needs for future research are summarized for each relevant nutrient, food, or food component...

..There is merit in recommending a moderate-fat weight-loss diet...

..An array of dietary strategies that target multiple CVD risk factors could have a greater impact on CVD than a single risk factor intervention strategy...

..g. eat more whole grain bread products and less saturated fat from animal products) compared with usual care study participants. ..

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..The soy protein will be incorporated into baked goods and snack foods in a very palatable way. The investigators hope to learn more about recognized effects of soy intake on the reduction of risk for heart disease. ..

..g. eat more whole grain bread products and less saturated fat from animal products ) compared with usual care study participants. ..