PATRICIA GRIGSON

..Extinction sessions were conducted on groups after either 1 d or 14 d of drug-free enforced abstinence to demonstrate behavioral incubation...

..Suppression of CS intake, then, is a consequence of the well-documented positive reinforcing, rather than the hypothetical aversive, properties of drugs of abuse...

..This commentary addresses the current state of the reward comparison hypothesis in the context of the experiments completed by Huang and Hsiao and their new task-dependent drug effects hypothesis...

..Reward comparison effects, then, are cross-modal, bidirectional, and immediate, resulting in both unconditioned and conditioned changes in brain and behavior...

..As such, this paradigm may be useful as a model of cue-induced craving and drug-induced devaluation of natural rewards...

..Taken together, these data show that rats will readily avoid intake of a saccharin cue when paired with the intraperitoneal administration of cocaine and that the magnitude of the effect is augmented when examined in a need-free state...

..These data provide further support for the reward comparison hypothesis...

..These data argue against a CTA account and in favor of the reward comparison hypothesis...

..Specifically, the data suggest that rats suppress intake of a saccharin CS in anticipation of the availability of a preferred drug of abuse and that the gustatory thalamus is essential for this type of reward comparison process...

..This finding dissociates the suppressive effects of morphine and LiCl and, in so doing, aligns the suppressive effects of morphine with those of an appetitive sucrose US...

..Together, the results demonstrate that, as with CTA learning, PBN cell bodies are essential for the establishment of a specific association between an olfactory conditioned stimulus and a lithium chloride unconditioned stimulus...

..Together, the data suggest that the rostral NST is essential for responding appropriately to increasing concentrations of a tastant, but not for the chemical identification necessary for sodium appetite and CTA learning...

..Thus, the PBN is essential for the acquisition of a CTA, but neither of the brainstem gustatory nuclei need be intact for the retention of a preoperatively acquired CTA...

..This pattern of results supports the view that cell bodies within the PBN are essential for the associative processes that govern CTA learning...

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..The results suggest that presentation of an alternative reward may be useful as a therapeutic intervention for cocaine seeking and relapse...

..Intake of glucose moieties recovered rapidly, often in two cycles; the other CSs took four to six cycles. Thus, CTA extinction varies with the nature of the taste CS...

..The question raised by this research thus, is whether iron deficiency alters hedonic-like responses only to dopamine-related behaviors and the degree to which willingness to "work" contributes to the effect...

..These data are the first to demonstrate a direct link between sleep deprivation and responding for cocaine, particularly in subjects that would otherwise respond little for drug...

..If confirmed, we will have challenged the limits of the traditional "reward circuitry" and better elucidated the mechanisms of reward comparison. ..

..e., cocaine and heroin); and (c) Reveal that the nucleus accumbens depends upon an intact thalamocoritical loop to track cocaine's devaluation of a sweet. ..

..aversion to cocaine-induced suppression of CS intake and, in so doing, begin to elucidate underlying substrates. ..

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..e., cocaine and heroin);and (c) Reveal that the nucleus accumbens depends upon an intact thalamocoritical loop to track cocaine's devaluation of a sweet. ..