Eric Ravussin

..We assessed the prevalence, awareness and control of diabetes (DM) in the Seychelles, a rapidly developing country in the African region. We also examined the relationship between body mass index, fasting serum insulin and DM...

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..Highlights and issues of the conference are mentioned, as well as strategies for the future...

..These recent discoveries should revamp our effort to target the molecular development of brown adipogenesis in the treatment of obesity...

..These two new paradigms provide a framework to advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of the insulin-resistance syndrome...

..Recent studies suggest that skeletal muscle mitochondrial activity may underlie some age-associated metabolic abnormalities...

..Additionally, it is unknown if changes in SPA, measured in a respiratory chamber, reflect changes in free-living physical activity level (PAL)...

..Adipose tissue in obese individuals is characterized by reduced capillary density and reduced oxygenation...

..In conclusion, results from our large, biethnic sample of men and women found a FM-FFM relationship very close to that originally described by Forbes, absent of significant variability by ethnicity or sex...

..Lorcaserin, a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(2C) receptor agonist, reduces body weight. It is unclear whether weight loss is due to reduced energy intake (EI) or also to enhanced energy expenditure (EE)...

..There are no apparent ethnic differences in men; however, in AA women the optimal BMI and WC values are ~3 kg/m2 and 5 cm higher than in white women...

..We hypothesized in humans that increased collagen VI alpha3-subunit (COL6A3) mRNA is associated with adipose tissue macrophage chemotaxis and inflammation and that weight gain is accompanied by changes in the expression of COL6A3...

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..However, the mechanism responsible for this adaptation are poorly understood...

..Studies of longer duration are required to determine if calorie restriction attenuates the aging process in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00099151...

..There is increasing interest in understanding racial differences in adiposity in specific body depots as a way to explain differential health risks associated with obesity...

..To determine contributions of trunk and extremity adiposity to cardiometabolic risk factors (blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) among white and African American adults...

..We propose that lower PARL expression may contribute to the mitochondrial abnormalities seen in aging and T2DM...

..It is concluded that people can learn the HMR Calorie System and improve the accuracy of portion size and food intake estimates. The PACE is a useful assessment tool to test if participants learn a calorie counting system...

..Metabolic and behavioral adaptations to caloric restriction (CR) in free-living conditions have not yet been objectively measured...

..05). In conclusion, glucose ingestion during exercise decreases the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism rather than increasing genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism...

..Calorie restriction (CR) is promoted to increase longevity, yet this regimen could lead to bone loss and fracture and therefore affect quality of life...

..60; P < 0.01). In nondiabetic subjects, two novel estimates of IS--daily urinary C-peptide urinary excretion and glycolytic rate during an oral glucose tolerance test --were related to IS by a clamp...

..There is a debate over the independent effects of aerobic fitness and body fatness on mortality and disease risks...

..These data provide support for the measures of adipocyte size distribution in concert with in vitro adipokine secretion and lipolysis in future studies...

..Sex differences, and in some instances race differences, in the relationships between anthropometry and fat-specific depots demonstrate that these characteristics need to be considered when predicting adiposity from WC or BMI...

..In conclusion, we found little evidence of macrophage accumulation in skeletal muscle in obese T2D subjects or in elderly individuals. A 9-month exercise program was not associated with a decrease in macrophage content...

..It is unclear if calorie restriction/dieting contributes to cognitive impairment. During this randomized controlled trial, the effect of 6 months of calorie restriction on cognitive functioning was tested...

..005) and higher than the reference population (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: In congenital leptin-deficient subjects, leptin replacement prevented the decrease in energy expenditure and fat oxidation often observed after weight loss...

..We hypothesized that, compared with obese subjects, patients with type 2 diabetes have a lower total adipocyte number with fewer small adipocytes...

..CONCLUSIONS: Large adipocytes lead to lipid deposition in visceral and hepatic tissues, promoting insulin resistance. Calorie restriction by diet alone or with exercise reverses this trend...

..Collectively, these data establish that the Nlrp3 inflammasome senses obesity-associated danger signals and contributes to obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance...

..These results support further development of pramlintide/metreleptin as a novel, integrated neurohormonal approach to obesity pharmacotherapy...

..There is debate over the independent and combined effects of dieting and increased physical activity on improving metabolic risk factors (body composition and fat distribution)...

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..32, p=0.03). We conclude that early steps of adipogenesis may be impaired in T2DM independently of obesity due, in part, to an upregulation of the MMP2 transcription...

..These findings suggest that, of the four questionnaires tested, the EI Restraint Scale was the most valid measure of the intent to diet and actual caloric restriction...

..This review highlights some recent findings regarding nutritional and endocrine regulators of mitochondrial mass and function and their association with insulin resistance...

..Longer exposure and higher capsinoids doses may be required to cause meaningful acute effects on energy metabolism...

..Future studies in nonobese humans should focus on the effects of prolonged CR on metabolic rate, on neuroendocrine adaptations, on diverse biomarkers of aging, and on predictors of chronic age-related diseases...

..Our findings may be clinically relevant given the expanding application of T4 to treat non-thyroidal conditions such as obesity and weight loss...

..Only then will rigorous activity recommendations be easier to implement...

..e., insulin sensitivity...

..This study tested a secondary hypothesis of the CALERIE trial (Heilbronn et al., 2006) that a 12-month period of intentional dietary restriction would be associated with an increase in eating disorder symptoms...

..The probability that an individual is able to live independently decreases sharply below the threshold score of 57 units on the physical functional performance (PFP-10) test...

..05) and LCD (19 +/- 4%, P < 0.001). A 25% CR diet for 6 months does not change GH, GH secretion or IGF-1 in nonobese men and women...

..Adding one small meal on a fasting day may make this approach to dietary restriction more acceptable...

..Our findings define a skeletal muscle pathway by which adiponectin increases mitochondrial number and function and exerts antidiabetic effects...

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..HR and SNS index increased and PNS index decreased in response to the meal in all intervention groups. The results therefore suggest that weight loss improved SNS/PNS balance especially when CR is combined with exercise...

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..Clinical trials involving calorie restriction (CR) require an assessment of adherence to a prescribed CR with the use of an objective measure of energy intake (EI)...

..Our objective was to test the safety and metabolic effects of a novel beta(3)-adrenoreceptor agonist (TAK-677) in humans...

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..This study suggests that loss of PKCtheta reduces energy expenditure and increases the risk of dietary obesity and insulin resistance in mice...

..The current study was designed to test whether nonagenarians have a relatively low metabolic rate and whether it is associated with low levels of oxidative stress relative to age...

..However, the increased expression in SIRT1 suggests that alternate day fasting may improve stress resistance, a commonly observed feature of calorie-restricted rodents...

..We propose to study metabolic flexibility in response to high-fat diets in individuals having contrasting degree of insulin sensitivity and/or mitochondrial characteristics...

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..Interestingly, PA was similar between young volunteers and those who were in their 60s and 70s, likely due to the sedentary nature of our society, particularly in young adults...

..With the incremental expansion of research endeavors in the area of energy or caloric restriction, data on the effects of CR in animal models and human subjects are becoming more accessible...

..The loss of independence is thought to be partially due to a decrease in physical activity. However, in populations, accurate measurement of physical activity is challenging and may not provide information on functional impairment...

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..Dihydrocapsiate is a capsinoid found in chili peppers. Dihydrocapsiate is similar to capsaicin, which is known for its thermogenic properties...

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..Ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) are gut hormones involved in appetite regulation and energy homeostasis and are biological neuroendocrine signals that potentially affect body weight and adiposity...

..However, other factors, such as mitochondrial function, may be important in the production of free radicals and the subsequent effect on aging and disease states...

..As we better understand the environmental, genetic, physiological, and behavioral aspects of obesity, we will undoubtedly develop better strategies and therapies for obesity...

..To discuss the potential importance of spontaneous physical activity in regulating body weight and outline possible reasons for the large interindividual variance in spontaneous physical activity...

..Associations between preproghrelin DNA variants and obesity-related phenotypes were studied in 3004 subjects from the Québec Family Study (QFS), the HERITAGE Family Study (HERITAGE), and the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) Study...

..These inconsistent findings have promoted ongoing investigation into mitochondrial function to determine whether impaired function is a cause or consequence of metabolic disorders...

..In conclusion, adiponectin DNA sequence variations might play a role in the complications of morbid obesity and should be further investigated...

..These results are discussed in the context of the scientific literature pertaining to leptin and its effects on appetite and obesity...

..We saw 2 patients who lost their sense of taste, which was restored by pharmacologic doses of biotin. The key objective is to describe the 2 case reports and suggest a potential treatment for unexplained loss of taste...

..In this review, we discuss the physiological relevance of brown adipose tissue on thermogenesis and its potential usefulness on body weight control in humans...

..Recent data do not entirely support this hypothesis. As such, two new paradigms have emerged that may explain the established links between adiposity and disease...

..05); all variables were intermediate in femoral preadipocytes. The regional variation of the adipogenesis and the IGF regulatory pathway set the stage for differential responsiveness of fat depots to external signals...

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..Whether BAT can be up regulated in adult humans remain to be shown? Furthermore, the potential role of BAT in the regulation of energy balance needs to be investigated in response to overfeeding...

..This study evaluated whether lowering IMCL stores via 3-d consumption of very-low-fat (LFAT) diet impairs endurance performance relative to a moderate-fat diet (MFAT), and whether such a diet unfavorably alters lipid profiles...

..CONCLUSIONS: The novel paradigms of ectopic fat and fat cell as an endocrine organ probably will constitute a new framework for the study of the links between our obesigenic environment and the risk of developing diabetes...

..New discoveries should provide information on obesity susceptibility genes and increase the chances of developing new anti-obesity treatments...

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..The concept of metabolic flexibility and its impact on body weight regulation is also presented...

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..In conclusion, the data provide evidence that a low frequency sequence variation in the ghrelin gene could play a role in the etiology of obesity...

..However, studies in free-living individuals are needed to clarify this question...

..The aim of this study was to determine for the first time whether skeletal muscle AdipoR1 and/or AdipoR2 gene expression levels are associated with insulin resistance...

..Thus, Ad-36 has the potential to induce adipogenesis in hASC, which may contribute to adiposity induced by the virus...

..Estimating changes in weight from changes in energy balance is important for predicting the effect of obesity prevention interventions...

..In rodents, fructose leads to insulin resistance and ectopic lipid deposition. In humans, the effects of fructose on insulin sensitivity remain debated, whereas its effect on ectopic lipids has never been investigated...

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..Mechanism-of-action studies suggest that engagement of the CB1R by taranabant leads to weight loss by reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure and fat oxidation...

..In summary, T2DM, compared with similarly obese nondiabetic men and women, is associated with less leg FM and greater trunk FM and hepatic fat...

..Little is known, however, about the cross-correlation between these techniques and their test-retest reliability...

..Both low body temperature and low oxidative stress are predictive of longer life. ..

..5. Improves the quality of life and metabolic fitness. A multidisciplinary team, including physiologists, behavioral psychologists, endocrinologists, molecular biologi and geneticists will conduct this study. ..

..We hypothesize that individuals with both a poor potential for adipose tissue expansion and an impaired function of muscle mitochondria will have the most deterioration of insulin sensitivity after 8 weeks of overfeeding. ..

..Gene expression will also be measured in Type 2 diabetics after one year of intensive lifestyle changes. ..

..We hypothesize that individuals with both a poor potential for adipose tissue expansion and an impaired function of muscle mitochondria will have the most deterioration of insulin sensitivity after 8 weeks of overfeeding. ..