George A Bray

..Its marketing has been suspended in Europe. Several drug combinations are on the horizon for treatment of obesity...

..The role of diet composition in response to overeating and energy dissipation in humans is unclear...

..Combinations of medications and antidiabetic drugs that produce weight loss are being evaluated...

..Obesity results from a prolonged small positive energy balance, and its treatment needs to reverse this imbalance...

..We hypothesized in humans that increased collagen VI alpha3-subunit (COL6A3) mRNA is associated with adipose tissue macrophage chemotaxis and inflammation and that weight gain is accompanied by changes in the expression of COL6A3...

..There is increasing interest in understanding racial differences in adiposity in specific body depots as a way to explain differential health risks associated with obesity...

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..In conclusion, results from our large, biethnic sample of men and women found a FM-FFM relationship very close to that originally described by Forbes, absent of significant variability by ethnicity or sex...

..Early dietary adherence was associated with changes in insulin at 6 months (R = 0.19), but not at 24 months (R = 0.08, ns). Early dietary adherence was not associated with changes in adiposity...

..As a naturally occurring amino acid, and thus amenable to nutritional strategies, tyrosine may deserve further testing...

..Previously reported race and sex differences in energy expenditure (EE) may play a role in body fat gain...

..Dietary fat has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and obesity...

..Sex differences, and in some instances race differences, in the relationships between anthropometry and fat-specific depots demonstrate that these characteristics need to be considered when predicting adiposity from WC or BMI...

..There are no apparent ethnic differences in men; however, in AA women the optimal BMI and WC values are ~3 kg/m2 and 5 cm higher than in white women...

..Combined, these results suggest a mechanism whereby HF/LCD regulates the genes necessary for glucose utilization and storage vis-á-vis transcriptional control...

..Olestra-induced decreases in serum beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein + zeaxanthin were not prevented by the vitamin supplement used in this study...

..The hypothesis that alterations in energy metabolism predict body fat gain is controversial...

..We tested the hypothesis that ad libitum food intake shows corrective responses over periods of 1-5 d...

..To determine contributions of trunk and extremity adiposity to cardiometabolic risk factors (blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) among white and African American adults...

..Fast food is consumed in large quantities each day. Whether there are differences in the acute metabolic response to these meals as compared to 'healthy' meals with similar composition is unknown...

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..Pioglitazone (Pio) treatment induces weight gain in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which could worsen hepatic lipid accumulation, and alter adiponectin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)...

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..Some, but not all, studies demonstrate reductions in visceral adipose tissue. Changes in body weight are the result of changes in energy intake, energy expenditure, or both...

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..One important conclusion from this review is that both total fat and individual fatty acids have to be considered when reaching conclusions about dietary fat and obesity...

..Triiodothyronine increases bone resorption and fecal calcium loss in subjects at bed rest...

..Greater central adiposity is related to the risk of diabetes...

..Therefore, strain specific alterations in hypothalamic NPY may account for increased food intake in the obesity-prone rats following OBX, and suggests a potential mechanism to explain the comorbidity of obesity and depression...

..These changes mimic those observed in diabetes and insulin resistance and, if sustained, may result in mitochondrial dysfunction in the prediabetic/insulin-resistant state...

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..This study was designed to investigate whether dietary fat and genetic background might differentially alter the expression of hypothalamic genes involved in food intake...

..To examine in two separate studies the effects of replacing dietary fat with Olestra on body composition and weight change in healthy young men and women...

..The gastrointestinal tract (GI) is important for detection and transport of consumed nutrients and has been implicated in susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in various rat strains...

..The data suggest that OM rats are more susceptible to epigenetic programming than S5B rats...

..The prevalence of obesity is increasing in children. Validation of methods of predicting fatness in African American and white children could help to identify children at high risk...

..To measure ghrelin and energy intake in the laboratory after pioglitazone treatment...

..A microarray analysis was conducted to identify genes that were differentially expressed in the duodenal enterocytes of OM and S5B rats...

..16). During laboratory-based meals, estimating energy and macronutrient intake with the RFPM did not differ significantly compared to directly weighed intake...

..These data demonstrate that hypothalamic micro-opioid receptors may contribute to the hyperphagia and increased preference for a high-fat diet that is associated with food deprivation...

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..Our results suggest that the dieters generally consumed a more nutrient-dense diet than the nondieters but still low in certain nutrients...

..The results of this study indicate that body image dissatisfaction improved following participation in an intensive behavioral weight loss program...

..Therefore, additional, leptin-independent mechanisms must exist that increase hypothalamic PTP1B and contribute to leptin resistance...

..Reversing the current trends of obesity requires a new look at the limits of the energy balance concept, and a better understanding of how environmental factors acutely and chronically change the responses of susceptible hosts...

..CONCLUSION: These experiments demonstrate that a beta3 agonist (CL 316,243) has a much greater effect in a strain of rats that resist fat-induced obesity...

..Finally, the increased mitochondrial copy number and the higher expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in human adipocytes may contribute to the hypolipidemic effects of pioglitazone...

..The aim of this study was to define the effect of pioglitazone on the expression of genes related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in subcutaneous fat obtained from type 2 diabetic patients...

..The findings of this study indicated that adherence to a weight management program was best conceptualized as being multi-dimensional, with two dimensions: behavioral and dietary adherence...

..The downside includes improper use of OTC orlistat that may not result in achieving individual expectations...

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..The spectrum of medical, social, and psychologic disabilities includes a range of medical and behavioral problems...

..Thus, dietary fat is an important contributor to obesity in some people...

..To examine the dietary profile associated with fast-food use. To compare the dietary intake of individuals on the day that they ate fast food with the day that fast food was not eaten...

..The interindividual variability in metabolic phenotypes was preserved in human myotubes separated from their neuroendocrine environment, which supports the hypothesis that metabolic switching is an intrinsic property of skeletal muscle...

..4% (p = 0.08). Bone mineral density showed no change. We conclude that T(3) accelerates bone turnover and that bone formation does not increase acutely to prevent bone loss...

..These data demonstrate that the increased preference for a high fat diet after stimulation of MOR is attenuated in the absence of AgRP, but the increase in food intake (i.e. hyperphagia) is not...

..Some claim that sugar is natural, but natural does not assure safety...

..First, life span is shortened and the risk of sudden death increases. Second, the risk of diabetes, gall bladder disease, hypertension, heart disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and certain forms of cancer also increase...

..Here, Dr Bray reviews the characteristics that define overweight and obesity, the factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, and current approaches to its management...

..8 ± 10.1 kcal/day). In conclusion, we found that REE fell significantly after weight loss but was not related to diet composition. Adaptive thermogenesis was evident at 6 months, but not at 24 months...

..These findings suggest that QRFP is a regulator of dietary fat intake and is influenced by the intake of a high fat diet...

..To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topiramate (TPM) for weight loss in healthy obese subjects...

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..Tyrosine (when compared to placebo) had no effect on any sleep related measure, but it did stimulate prolactin release...

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..Treatment is aimed at palliation-that is, producing and maintaining weight loss. Regardless of the primary site of action, the net effect must be a reduction in food intake or increase in energy expenditure...

..Overweight individuals were more susceptible to developing insulin resistance on high-saturated fat diets...

..Intra-amygdalar NPY administration did not produce conditioned taste aversions to a novel saccharin solution. These results suggest that amygdalar NPY may have a role in macronutrient selection, without altering total caloric intake...

..We tested the efficacy of a weight management program for improving HRQOL in overweight or obese adults diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes mellitus...

..In addition there are several drugs and drug combinations in phase 2 or phase 2 trials that will be reported on in the coming years...

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..Low energy expenditure has been identified as a potential risk factor for body fat gain...

..Thus, the increase in consumption of HFCS has a temporal relation to the epidemic of obesity, and the overconsumption of HFCS in calorically sweetened beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity...

..Cannabinoid receptor antagonists, once a promising target, are no longer under study. Other medications are in clinical trials and on their way...

..Several new mechanisms for drug action are under investigation. Appetite suppressants should be viewed as useful adjuncts to diet and physical activity and might help selected patients to achieve and maintain weight loss...

..Efforts to control obesity through preventive strategies and treatment can be expected to have a benefit in reducing the risk of cancer...

..Wherever the primary site of action may be, however, the net effect must be a reduction in food intake or an increase in energy expenditure...

..The purpose of the review is to suggest that fructose, a component of both sucrose (common sugar) and high fructose corn syrup, should be of concern to both healthcare providers and the public...

..The consequence of these two mechanisms is other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, heart disease, and some forms of cancer...

..Increased cytokine release may play a role in other forms of proliferative growth. The combined effect of these pathogenetic consequences of increased fat stores is an increased risk of shortened life expectancy...

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..The current experiment investigated the predictive role of anxiety-like behaviors in ethanol self-administration and the relationship of NPY in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) with anxiety and ethanol self-administration...