J K Baird

..Primaquine's major advantage over most drugs for chemoprophylaxis is that it does not have to be taken before entering or beyond 3 days after leaving a malarious area...

..6; CI=1.7-530; P=0.005), indicating the development of clinical immunity. A similar but less marked pattern appeared among the children investigated (OR=6.5; CI=0.8-285; P=0.06)...

..falciparum and P. vivax...

..Only one of the nine subjects who developed severe malaria (requiring intravenous quinine therapy) was a child, giving an odds ratio for a case of severe malaria being in an adult of 6.1 (P=0.08)...

..Good safety, tolerance, and efficacy, along with key advantages in dosing requirements, make primaquine an excellent drug for preventing malaria in nonpregnant, G6PD-normal travelers...

..vivax. Chloroquine was thus an ineffective therapy for P. falciparum malaria, and the presence of CQ-resistant P. vivax and SP-resistant P. falciparum will further compromise efforts to control resurgent malaria on Java...

..Validation requires exploration of the phenotype classifications based on the results of in-vivo tests, using genetic analyses that distinguish re-infection from recrudescence and detect microscopically subpatent parasitaemias...

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..falciparum, and whether that response is relatively harmful or beneficial may depend upon the conditions of exposure (i.e. acute or chronic)...

..sundaicus...

..e. <100 ng/ml). Taken together, the results indicate a high risk of therapeutic failure of CQ against P. falciparum but also indicate that resistance to CQ in P. vivax occurs infrequently in Guyana...

..This model will be important in preclinical vaccine development...

..Sets of Giemsa-stained, blood smear slides with systematically verified composite diagnoses would contribute substantially to development of externally validated quality assurance systems for the microscopic diagnosis of malaria...

..The adult dose for primary prophylaxis is 30 mg daily begun 1 day before travel and continued for 7 days after return. This review will examine the evidence for these recommendations...

..During the period of 1996-1999, we prospectively monitored 243 Javanese adults and children after arriving in Papua, Indonesia, and microscopically documented each new case of malaria by active surveillance...

..74, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51-9.29) and Pfs230 (OR = 3.72, 95% CI = 1.36-10.17) suggests that functional transmission reducing immunity is acquired after limited exposure to infection...

..Similarity and dendrogram analyses revealed that sequences could be grouped according to their geographical origin. Within each geographical group however, no correlation was found between chloroquine resistance and specific mutations...

..The pfmdr1 1042-Asp polymorphism occurred less frequently. These findings indicate that polymorphisms in genes associated with drug resistance in P. falciparum are found across a broad region of Indonesia...

..This delay in the acquisition of functional antibodies by residents of areas where malaria is endemic is consistent with the observation that multiple malaria infections are required before clinical immunity is acquired...

..Treatment of P. vivax malaria with artesunate for 5 days followed by high-dose primaquine, 30 mg twice a day for 7 days, was highly effective, well-tolerated, and equivalent or superior to the standard regimen of primaquine therapy...

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..Misdiagnosis of species now affects clinical decisions resulting in inadequate therapy for P. falciparum and P. vivax. All of these factors demonstrate the lack of research on P. vivax...

..This resource will help guide rational drug policies that optimize antimalarial drug use, in the hope that the emergence and spread of resistance to new drugs can be, if not prevented, at least delayed...

..An observed recurrent parasitemia of 34,400 trophozoites/microL against a MQ blood concentration of 550 ng/mL was taken as indication of tolerance to suppressive levels of the drug at this location...

..748). This study compares admissions per population (based on census data), parasitemia, morbidity, and mortality among children versus adults, pregnant versus non-pregnant women, and urban/suburban versus rural residents...

..This assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices showed a broad awareness of malaria and its consequences among residents of malarial areas in the Menoreh Hills of Central Java...

..Combining CQ with other drugs, like SP, may provide an affordable, available and effective option where artemisinin-combined therapies (ACT) are not licensed or are unavailable...

..This study expands significantly the total number of novel dhfr alleles now identified from P. vivax and provides a foundation for understanding how antifolate resistance arises and spreads in natural P. vivax populations...

..These findings suggest that clinical resistance to chloroquine by P malariae occurs in the Indonesian archipelago of southeast Asia...

..Atovaquone/proguanil was well tolerated, safe, and effective for the prevention of drug-resistant P. vivax and P. falciparum malaria in individuals without prior malaria exposure who migrated to Papua, Indonesia...

..These findings bear upon the design of malaria drug and vaccine trials in holoendemic areas...

..2; 95% CI, 0.1-1.8; P = 0.2) or day 28 (82% versus 93%; OR, 0.31; 95% Cl, 0.04-2.1; P = 0.23). This report corroborates studies suggesting that therapeutic doses of primaquine exert no discernible effect on parasitemia by P. falciparum...

..Atovaquone/proguanil provided safe, well-tolerated, and effective therapy for uncomplicated malaria in nonimmune Indonesians...

..Tafenoquine dosages of 50, 100, and 200 mg/week were safe, well tolerated, and effective against P. falciparum infection in this study population...

..Resistance to standard therapy could be widespread. Studies are urgently needed to gauge this problem and to determine the safety, tolerability and efficacy of shorter courses and higher doses of PQ...

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..2, 95% CI = 0.5-2.8, P = 0.60). Host age, independent of cumulative exposure, apparently represents a key determinant of the quantitative and qualitative nature of the IgG response to P. falciparum GPI...

..5 mg/kg primaquine daily for 14 days, on the basis of superior efficacy and good tolerability and safety in nonpregnant persons without glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency...

..CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified a strong correlation between specific mutations in P. vivax dhfr and S/P treatment failure. Our results suggest that WR99210 could provide effective therapy for S/P-resistant P. vivax...

..8-99.2%) patients were sensitive. Two patients had recurrent P. falciparum parasitemia on days 14 and 21. Halofantrine effectively treated uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in these Vietnamese patients...

..These findings document almost complete failure of chloroquine against P. falciparum or P. vivax near the northeastern coast of Indonesian Papua...

..falciparum). The marker was polymorphic in P. vivax-infected field isolates obtained from Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and Guyana. This microsatellite marker may be useful in genetic and epidemiologic studies of P. vivax malaria...

..28; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-1.58) relative to other manifestations of severe malaria. Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus may be a risk factor for severe malaria...

..Success is more likely if programs are cognizant of local circumstances of transmission, and, within that context, aim to reduce vector survivorship and human infectivity as well as augment human immunity...

..Reintroduced endemic malaria threatens the island of Java...

..The most common clinical symptoms appeared as upper abdominal discomfort or pain and borborygmi. Praziquantel (75 mg/kg divided in 3 doses in 1 day) was a well-tolerated and effective treatment for infection by H. taichui...