F Kamangar

Summary

Affiliation: National Institutes of Health
Country: USA

Publications

  1. ncbi High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mate drinks
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:1262-8. 2008
  2. ncbi Obesity and hypertension in an Iranian cohort study; Iranian women experience higher rates of obesity and hypertension than American women
    Hossein Bahrami
    Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
    BMC Public Health 6:158. 2006
  3. ncbi Higher urine 1-hydroxy pyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) is associated with tobacco smoke exposure and drinking maté in healthy subjects from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
    Renato B Fagundes
    Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Clinica Medica, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
    BMC Cancer 6:139. 2006
  4. ncbi Lung cancer chemoprevention: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 3034, Bethesda, MD 10892 7232, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1562-4. 2006
  5. ncbi Polymorphisms in inflammation-related genes and risk of gastric cancer (Finland)
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Cancer Causes Control 17:117-25. 2006
  6. ncbi Esophageal cancer in Northeastern Iran: a review
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
    Arch Iran Med 10:70-82. 2007
  7. ncbi Ginseng intake and gastric cancer risk in the Shanghai Women's Health Study cohort
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 3034, Bethesda, MD 20892-7232, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:629-30. 2007
  8. ncbi Interleukin-1B polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk--a meta-analysis
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 3034, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1920-8. 2006
  9. ncbi High exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may contribute to high risk of esophageal cancer in northeastern Iran
    Farin Kamangar
    Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 21218, USA
    Anticancer Res 25:425-8. 2005
  10. ncbi Serum pepsinogens and risk of esophageal squamous dysplasia
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Int J Cancer 124:456-60. 2009

Detail Information

Publications47

  1. ncbi High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mate drinks
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:1262-8. 2008
    ..We conducted this study to determine whether drinking mate could lead to substantial exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including known carcinogens, such as benzo[a]pyrene...
  2. ncbi Obesity and hypertension in an Iranian cohort study; Iranian women experience higher rates of obesity and hypertension than American women
    Hossein Bahrami
    Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
    BMC Public Health 6:158. 2006
    ..We determined the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and hypertension in a large cohort of Iranians and compared age-adjusted rates with the rates in the US...
  3. ncbi Higher urine 1-hydroxy pyrene glucuronide (1-OHPG) is associated with tobacco smoke exposure and drinking maté in healthy subjects from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
    Renato B Fagundes
    Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Clinica Medica, Centro de Ciencias da Saude, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
    BMC Cancer 6:139. 2006
    ..The aims of the current study were to investigate the degree and sources of PAH exposure of the inhabitants of this region of southern Brazil...
  4. ncbi Lung cancer chemoprevention: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 3034, Bethesda, MD 10892 7232, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1562-4. 2006
    ..Supplementation with combinations of vitamins and minerals at nutrient-repletion levels for 5.25 years did not reduce lung cancer mortality in this nutrient-inadequate population in Linxian, China...
  5. ncbi Polymorphisms in inflammation-related genes and risk of gastric cancer (Finland)
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Cancer Causes Control 17:117-25. 2006
    ..Our results do not support the hypothesis that polymorphisms in genes involved in the inflammatory response confer differences in gastric cancer risk among different individuals...
  6. ncbi Esophageal cancer in Northeastern Iran: a review
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
    Arch Iran Med 10:70-82. 2007
    ..This article reviews the studies conducted on esophageal squamous cell cancer in this area and summarizes the data on epidemiologic patterns, incidence trends, and etiology of esophageal squamous cell cancer in this province...
  7. ncbi Ginseng intake and gastric cancer risk in the Shanghai Women's Health Study cohort
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 3034, Bethesda, MD 20892-7232, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:629-30. 2007
  8. ncbi Interleukin-1B polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk--a meta-analysis
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 3034, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1920-8. 2006
    ..The overall associations between IL-1B or IL-1RN proinflammatory polymorphisms and gastric cancer were null but several studies showed an association. The sources of this variation are unclear...
  9. ncbi High exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may contribute to high risk of esophageal cancer in northeastern Iran
    Farin Kamangar
    Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 21218, USA
    Anticancer Res 25:425-8. 2005
    ..The northeastern region of Iran has some of the highest rates of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the world...
  10. ncbi Serum pepsinogens and risk of esophageal squamous dysplasia
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Int J Cancer 124:456-60. 2009
    ..03. Lower serum PGI/II ratio was linearly associated with higher risk of ESD. This result is consistent with recent findings that gastric atrophy may increase the risk of ESCC...
  11. ncbi Opposing risks of gastric cardia and noncardia gastric adenocarcinomas associated with Helicobacter pylori seropositivity
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, Rm 3034, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    J Natl Cancer Inst 98:1445-52. 2006
    ..pylori strain differences are less clear. We conducted a prospective nested case-control study of H. pylori serology to address these questions...
  12. ncbi Environmental causes of esophageal cancer
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute NIH, 6120 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Gastroenterol Clin North Am 38:27-57, vii. 2009
    ..Results of studies investigating other factors are also discussed...
  13. ncbi Helicobacter pylori and oesophageal and gastric cancers in a prospective study in China
    F Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, Rm 3034, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Br J Cancer 96:172-6. 2007
    ....
  14. ncbi Human papillomavirus serology and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancers: results from a cohort in a high-risk region in China
    Farin Kamangar
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Int J Cancer 119:579-84. 2006
    ..4). For HPV 73, these figures were 1.3 (0.6-2.5), 1.2 (0.6-2.3) and 0.9 (0.4-2.1). The results of this study do not support a major role for HPV 16, HPV 18 and HPV 73 in the etiology of esophageal and gastric cancers in Linxian, China...
  15. ncbi Genetic polymorphisms in three Iranian populations with different risks of esophageal cancer, an ecologic comparison
    Alireza Sepehr
    The US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Cancer Lett 213:195-202. 2004
    ..We conclude that it is unlikely that variations in these polymorphic genes are major contributors to the high incidence of EC among Turkomans in Iran...
  16. ncbi Plasma pepsinogens, antibodies against Helicobacter pylori, and risk of gastric cancer in the Shanghai Women's Health Study Cohort
    C C Abnet
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza South, Room 320, 6120 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7232, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
    Br J Cancer 104:1511-6. 2011
    ..We tested the association between gastric cancer and plasma pepsinogens and antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in a case-control study nested in a prospective cohort...
  17. ncbi Epstein-Barr virus serology and gastric cancer incidence and survival
    J Koshiol
    Cancer Prevention Fellowship, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Blvd, MSC 7236, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Br J Cancer 97:1567-9. 2007
    ..High EBV nuclear antigen titres were associated with longer survival in cardia cancer cases, possibly due to chance...
  18. ncbi Poor oral health as a risk factor for esophageal squamous dysplasia in northeastern Iran
    Alireza Sepehr
    Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 21218, USA
    Anticancer Res 25:543-6. 2005
    ..01). CONCLUSION: Our results are consistent with two other published studies that have shown oral health as a risk factor for ESCC. The high incidence of ESCC in northeastern Iran may be partly attributable to poor oral health...
  19. ncbi Vitamin E intake and risk of esophageal and gastric cancers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study
    Sarah Carman
    NEB DCEG, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Int J Cancer 125:165-70. 2009
    ..An increase of 71 mg/day (half the interquartile range) in supplemental vitamin E had an hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.92 (0.85-1.00) and the p value for trend in the quartile analysis was 0.015...
  20. ncbi Tea, coffee, carbonated soft drinks and upper gastrointestinal tract cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study
    J S Ren
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
    Eur J Cancer 46:1873-81. 2010
    ..In summary, hot tea intake was inversely associated with pharyngeal cancer, and coffee was directly associated with gastric cardia cancer, but was inversely associated with EADC during some follow-up periods...
  21. ncbi Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of gastric and oesophageal adenocarcinomas: results from a cohort study and a meta-analysis
    C C Abnet
    Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
    Br J Cancer 100:551-7. 2009
    ..64 (0.52-0.80), 0.82 (0.65-1.04), and 0.64 (0.52-0.79), respectively. The corresponding numbers for other NSAIDs were 0.68 (0.57-0.81), 0.80 (0.67-0.95), and 0.65 (0.50-0.85), respectively...
  22. ncbi Fruits, vegetables, and antioxidants and risk of gastric cancer among male smokers
    Mehdi Nouraie
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7232, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:2087-92. 2005
    ..Tocopherols were associated with higher risk of GCC, whereas dietary intake of fruits, vitamin C, tocopherols, and lycopene seemed protective for GNCC...
  23. ncbi The influence of genetic polymorphisms in Ahr, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, GST M1, GST T1 and UGT1A1 on urine 1-hydroxypyrene glucuronide concentrations in healthy subjects from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
    Christian C Abnet
    Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, EPS 320, MSC 7232, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
    Carcinogenesis 28:112-7. 2007
    ..10; and a model combining both exposure and genotype information had a total r2 of 0.33. Our results suggest that CYP1B1 genotypes are strongly associated with urine 1-OHPG concentrations in this population...
  24. ncbi Tooth loss and lack of regular oral hygiene are associated with higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
    Christian C Abnet
    Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza South, Room 320, 6120 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7232, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:3062-8. 2008
    ..Our results are consistent with several previous analyses in other high-risk populations...
  25. ncbi Serum pepsinogen level, atrophic gastritis and the risk of incident pancreatic cancer--a prospective cohort study
    Adeyinka O Laiyemo
    Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Office of Preventive Oncology, National Cancer Institute NCI, National Institutes of Health NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol 33:368-73. 2009
    ..We hypothesized that low SPGI level may be associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer and be a useful biomarker for the disease...
  26. ncbi Atrophic gastritis and the risk of incident colorectal cancer
    Adeyinka O Laiyemo
    Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Office of Preventive Oncology, National Cancer Institute NCI, National Institutes of Health NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
    Cancer Causes Control 21:163-70. 2010
    ..We prospectively examined the association of atrophic gastritis, a pre-malignant condition for gastric cancer and long-term sequelae common to many exposure factors, and the risk of incident CRC...
  27. ncbi No role for human papillomavirus in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in China
    Jill Koshiol
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852 7248, USA
    Int J Cancer 127:93-100. 2010
    ..HPV DNA contamination cannot be ruled out as an explanation for high HPV prevalence in ESCC tissue studies with less stringent tissue procurement and processing protocols...
  28. ncbi The gastric cardia is not a target for human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis
    Jill Koshiol
    Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 7070, Rockville, MD 20852 7248, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:1137-9. 2010
    ..Given the availability of an effective HPV vaccine and its potential to prevent HPV-associated cancer, we decided to evaluate the prevalence of HPV DNA in GCA...
  29. ncbi Reliability and validity of opiate use self-report in a population at high risk for esophageal cancer in Golestan, Iran
    Christian C Abnet
    Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1068-70. 2004
    ..To assess the reliability and validity of self-reported opium use in a rural Iranian population at high risk for esophageal cancer in preparation for a large cohort study...
  30. ncbi Serum pepsinogens and Helicobacter pylori in relation to the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study
    Michael B Cook
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health DHHS, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20852 7234, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:1966-75. 2010
    ..Helicobacter pylori can induce gastric atrophy in humans, which in turn increases gastric cancer risk. Whether H. pylori and gastric atrophy also affect the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), however, remains unresolved...
  31. ncbi Cigarette smoking and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: a pooled analysis from the international BEACON consortium
    Michael B Cook
    Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health DHHS, 6120 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20852 7234, USA
    J Natl Cancer Inst 102:1344-53. 2010
    ....
  32. ncbi Tooth loss is associated with increased risk of gastric non-cardia adenocarcinoma in a cohort of Finnish smokers
    Christian C Abnet
    Cancer Prevention Studies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
    Scand J Gastroenterol 40:681-7. 2005
    ..pylori seropositivity...
  33. ncbi Self-reported goiter is associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric noncardia adenocarcinoma in a large population-based Chinese cohort
    Christian C Abnet
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
    Int J Cancer 119:1508-10. 2006
    ..37 (0.97, 1.94). Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that iodine deficiency is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer...
  34. ncbi Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in oesophageal tissue and risk of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in north-eastern Iran
    Behnoush Abedi-Ardekani
    Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rm 3018, Bethesda, MD 20892 7232, USA
    Gut 59:1178-83. 2010
    ....
  35. ncbi Patterns of cancer incidence, mortality, and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world
    Farin Kamangar
    Nutritional Epidemiology and Biostatistics Branches, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 20852-7244, USA
    J Clin Oncol 24:2137-50. 2006
    ..For the eight most common cancers, priorities for reducing cancer disparities are discussed...
  36. ncbi Determinants of anti-hepatitis A antibody seroprevalence in 2- to 19-year-olds in the USA using NHANES 2007-2008
    E Velasco-Mondragon
    Department of Public Health Analysis, School of Community Health and Policy, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD 21239, USA
    Epidemiol Infect 140:417-25. 2012
    ....
  37. ncbi MKK4 status predicts survival after resection of gastric adenocarcinoma
    Steven C Cunningham
    Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA
    Arch Surg 141:1095-9; discussion 1100. 2006
    ..This finding may provide a useful prognostic tool in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma...
  38. ncbi Incidence and age distribution of colorectal cancer in Iran: results of a population-based cancer registry
    Reza Ansari
    Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
    Cancer Lett 240:143-7. 2006
    ..The high proportions of young CRC cases seen in Iran, and probably many neighboring countries, are due to the young age-structure of these countries and relatively low rates of CRC in older individuals...
  39. ncbi Chemoprevention of primary liver cancer: a randomized, double-blind trial in Linxian, China
    Chen Xu Qu
    Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
    J Natl Cancer Inst 99:1240-7. 2007
    ..We examined the effects of supplementation with four different combinations of vitamins and minerals on primary liver cancer mortality among 29450 initially healthy adults from Linxian, China...
  40. ncbi Human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus in a high-risk population
    Mohammad Farhadi
    Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Avenue, Tehran 14114, Iran
    World J Gastroenterol 11:1200-3. 2005
    ..HPV should be considered as a potential factor contributing to the high incidence of ESCC in Iran and other high-incidence areas of the world...
  41. ncbi Re: Helicobacter pylori and interleukin 1 genotyping: an opportunity to identify high-risk individuals for gastric carcinoma
    Farin Kamangar
    J Natl Cancer Inst 95:760; author reply 760-1. 2003
  42. ncbi Dietary intake of benzo(a)pyrene and risk of esophageal cancer in north of Iran
    Roya Hakami
    Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
    Nutr Cancer 60:216-21. 2008
    ..Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons might, along with other risk factors, contribute to the high risk of ESCC in Golestan...
  43. ncbi Survival after gastric adenocarcinoma resection: eighteen-year experience at a single institution
    Steven C Cunningham
    Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1000, USA
    J Gastrointest Surg 9:718-25. 2005
    ..Many of the reported differences among Western series may be due to cohort differences, such as stage of disease, extent of resection, tumor type, and tumor location...
  44. ncbi Clinical and histological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Iranian patients
    Hossein Bahrami
    Digestive Diseases Research Center Imam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
    BMC Gastroenterol 3:27. 2003
    ..The objective of this study was to assess the clinical and paraclinical features and risk factors for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients in an Iranian population..
  45. ncbi Ecologic study of serum selenium and upper gastrointestinal cancers in Iran
    Mehdi Nouarie
    Digestive Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
    World J Gastroenterol 10:2544-6. 2004
    ..CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that selenium deficiency is not a major contributor to the high incidence of EC seen in northeastern Iran, but it may play a role in the high incidence of GC in Ardabil Province...
  46. ncbi Effects of indomethacin on viral replication markers in asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial
    Hossein Bahrami
    Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
    Am J Gastroenterol 100:856-61. 2005
    ..CONCLUSIONS: We suggest use of indomethacin only in the subgroup of asymptomatic HBsAg carriers who have detectable HBV-DNA or HBeAg in their sera...
  47. ncbi Claudin-4, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4, and stratifin are markers of gastric adenocarcinoma precursor lesions
    Steven C Cunningham
    Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore Maryland 21231, USA
    Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:281-7. 2006
    ..These findings may prove useful in the diagnosis and therapeutic targeting of gastric adenocarcinoma precursor lesions...